Plant and Animal Structure, Function, and Development

Vocabulary terms and definitions covering plant anatomy, reproductive structures, and the developmental biology of animals based on the provided lecture transcript.

root cap

layer of parenchyma cells that covers the root tip and helps protect root tissues during growth

petiole

stalk that connects a plant's blade to the stem

nastic response

reversible, responsive movement of a plant that occurs independent of the direction of the stimulus

palisade mesophyll

leaf-tissue layer that contains many chloroplasts and is the site where most photosynthesis takes place

cortex

layer composed of ground tissues between the epidermis and vascular tissue of a root

endodermis

cell layer at the inner boundary of the cortex; regulates the material that enters the plant's vascular tissues

pericycle

plant tissue that produces lateral roots

transpiration

process in which water evaporates from the inside of leaves to the outside through stomata

spongy mesophyll

loosely packed, irregularly shaped cells with spaces around them located below the palisade mesophyll

Parenchyma

plant cells used for storage and food production

Collenchyma

plant cells that provide strength and support for surrounding tissue

Sclerenchyma

plant cells that provide support for plant

epidermis

covers and protects the body of a plant

stomata

control the exchange of gases

guard cells

control the opening and closing of stomata

trichomes

protect plant from predators

Taproots

single, thick structures with smaller branching roots

Fibrous Roots

have many small branching roots that grow from a central point

simple leaf

blade that is not divided

compound leaf

blade that is divided into leaflets

vegetative reproduction

type of asexual reproduction in plants where a new plant is produced from existing plant organs or parts of organs

sepal

flower organ that protects the bud

petal

colorful flower structure that attracts pollinators and provides them a landing place

stamen

male reproductive organ of most flowers composed of a filament and an anther

pistil

flower's female reproductive organ; it is usually composed of a stigma, a style, and an ovary

endosperm

tissue that provides nourishment to the developing embryo of flowering plants

seed coat

protective tissue that forms from the hardening of the outside layers of the ovule

vertebrate

animal with an endoskeleton and a backbone

invertebrate

animal without a backbone

endoskeleton

internal skeleton

exoskeleton

hard or tough outer covering that provides a framework of support

internal fertilization

sperm and egg combine inside the animal's body

external fertilization

sperm and egg combine outside the animal's body

blastula

fluid-filled ball of cells formed during early embryo development

gastrula

two-cell-layer sac with an opening at one end, formed when blastula cells move inward during embryo development

endoderm

cell layer in the gastrula that develops into digestive organs and lining of the digestive tract

mesoderm

cell layer in the gastrula that develops into muscle tissue, circulatory system, excretory system, and sometimes the respiratory system

ectoderm

cell layer in the gastrula that develops into nervous tissue and skin

anterior

head end of bilateral animals where sensory organs are often located

posterior

tail end of bilaterally symmetrical animals

dorsal

upper surface of bilaterally symmetrical animals

ventral

lower surface of bilaterally symmetrical animals

cephalization

body plan that tends to concentrate nervous tissue and sensory organs at the anterior end of the animal

symmetry

term describing the arrangement of an animal's body structures

bilateral symmetry

body plan that can be divided down the body's length into two similar right and left halves

radial symmetry

body plan that can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves

protostome

animal with a mouth that develops from the opening in the gastrula

deuterostome

animal whose mouth develops from cells other than those at the opening of the gastrula; include humans and all other mammals

coelom

fluid-filled body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm

acoelomate

an animal without a coelom

pseudocoelom

fluid-filled body cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm

notochord

structure that allows chordates to make side-to-side movements and is replaced by a vertebral column in vertebrates

Neural Crest

layer of ectoderm that pinches off during embryo development to form significant vertebrate features like the brain, skull, and sense organs