Semantics and Pragmatics Readings- Griffiths

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Last updated 1:51 PM on 4/16/26
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8 Terms

1
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how was Proto Indo-European discovered as a language

through systematic comparison of languages

2
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what are the 3 types of writing systems

  • logographic: symbols represent words/morphemes

  • syllabic: symbols represent syllables

  • alphabetic: symbols represent individual sounds

3
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how does speech compare to writing

speech is primary and universal and writing is secondary and culturally developed

4
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what is an important distinction between the words in a language

whether they are borrowed from another langauge or inherited from an ancestor language

5
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what are 3 typws of borrowing

  • loanwords

  • calques (loan translations)

  • hybrid forms (mix of native and borrowed elements)

6
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what does borrowing reflect

a social hierarchy as high-status languages influence others more

7
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what is dialect continua

gradual change across regions

8
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innovation versus retention

  • innovation is the introduction of a new feature

  • retention is the preservation of an older feature