Physiology EXAM 5 Review DR Fahim

Movement of Gas moves from ____ partial pressure to ____ partial pressre

High, Low

____ ____ starts the exchange of C02 and 02 in alveoli

partial pressure

RPD means

Restrictive Pulmonary disease

COPD means

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

RPD has ____ recoil and ____ compliance

High, Low

COPD has ___ recoil and ____ compliance

Low, High

The problem with having high recoil and low compliance is it makes it hard to _____ in

breath

The problem with high compliance and low recoil is you ____ ____ _____ which causes high ____

cannot breath out, Co2

Recoil is important for ____

exhaling

Compliance is important for _____

inhaling

High carbon dioxide is called:

Hypercapnia

High Co2 affects pH which causes high ____ ____

respiratory acidosis

The kidney compensates for high Co2 by producing ___ ___

Hydrogen ions

3 ways the kidneys compensate for high Co2

reabsorb bicarb

make new bicarb

Getting rid of hydrogen/ secreting hydrogen ions

What is the test called to test if you have RPD or COPD

Spirometer test

Spirometers messures?

volumes and capacity (respiratory system)

FEV1 =

forced expiratory volume in 1 second

FVC =

forced vital capacity

FEV1/FVC measures the ____ of lung _____ expelled in the first second of _____

percentage, capacity, exhalation

In RPD FEV1/FVC is ____ 80%

greater than or equal to

In COPD FEV1/FVC is ___ 90%

less than

In RPD the FEV1 and FVC both ____ but ____ decreases more

decrease, FVC

In COPD the FEV1 and FVC both ___ but ____ decreases more

decrease, FEV1

COPD examples

Asthma (untreated and chronic)

Chronic bronchitis (smokers)

Emphysema (obstruction of alveolar ducts)

RPD examples

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)

Extra pulmonary RPD (outside the lungs)

Emphysema =

obstruction of alveolar ducts

Asthma is COPD if?

untreated and chronic

Extra pulmonary RPD is ___ the lungs

outside

Inhaling muscles of respiration

Diaphragm, External intercostal muscles

Expiration muscles of respiration

Internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles

Respiratory muscles are _____ muscles under ____ innervation

skeletal, somatic

If your diagram contracts the volume of your thoracic will ____

increase

High volume of thoracic cavity affects Palv in what way?

low pressure

Volume is indirectly related to ?

pressure

Inhalation happens from high __ and low ___

Patm, Palv

What's the difference between pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation

alveolar ventilation is more specific for the air that pumps in and out of lungs only involved in gas exchange

other name for pulmonary ventilation

minute ventilation

Pulmonary ventilation (minute ventilation) =

Total amount of air

Alveolar cell type 1 function

gas exchange

Alveolar cell type 2 function

produce surfactant (keeps airways open)

surfactant purpose

decrease surface tension

gas exchange in the respiratory system is ____

rapid

Why is the respiratory system rapid?

thin membrane

large surface area

permeability of the membrane is high

Respiratory quotient refers to

the ratio of volume of Co2 produced to volume of oxygen used

When there is high metabolic activity the oxygen level is ___ and Co2 level is ___

Low, High

Hypernea =

Increase ventilation to meet metabolic demands

Hyperventilation =

exceeds metabolic demands

Apnea means?

No breathing

Dyspnea =

Difficulty breathing

Eupnea =

Normal breathing

The majority of oxygen is bound to _____

hemoglobin

Hem =

Iron (oxygen bound) (Co bound)

Globin =

Protein (Co2 bound)

Hem can carry ___ oxygen molecules

4

Anemia =

Low oxygen carrying capacity

hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve

Moving to the right means?

dropping O2

hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve

Moving to the left means?

holding onto oxygen

Hypercapnia on the hemoglobin o2 dissociation curve goes in what direction?

right

On the Hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve moving to the right means _____ affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin

low

Low Co2 on the hemoglobin o2 dissociation curve goes in what direction?

left

High temperature on the hemoglobin o2 dissociation curve goes in what direction?

right

Cold temperature on the hemoglobin o2 dissociation curve goes in what direction?

left

Low pH on the hemoglobin o2 dissociation curve goes in what direction?

Right

Functions of the kidney

Volume composition of Extra cellular fluid

Functional unit of kidney

nephron

first part of the nephron surrounded my glandular capillaries

bowman's capsule

what comes next from bowman's capsule

proximal convoluted tubule

What comes next after proximal convoluted tubule

loop of henle

what is adjusted in the loop of henle

water

what's unique about proximal convoluted tubule

reabsorption

the proximal convoluted tubule has _____ reabsorption

unregulated

after the proximal convoluted tubule is the?

distal convoluted tubule

after the distal convoluted tubule is the?

collecting duct

The distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct both have ______ ____

regulated reabsorption

What favors filtration

hydrostatic Pressure GC (pushing)

Oncotic pressure BC (pulling)

What are opposing filtration

Hydrostatic pressure BC (pushing)

Oncotic pressure GC (pulling)

hydrostatic pressure is made by the pressure of the ____

fluids

oncotic pressure is created by _____ or ____

solutes, proteins

Having high MAP will affect what forces

Hydrostatic pressure in GC

ADH is made in the?

hypothalamus

ADH is stored in the?

posterior pituitary gland

ADH function

reabsorb water

ADH main function location

Distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

What's the source of aldosterone

adrenal cortex

What triggers aldosterone secretion

High potassium or low sodium

Main function of Aldosterone

reabsorb sodium and remove potassium

What follows sodium

water

what triggers for ADH

High blood osmolarity

ANP source

Atrial walls

ANP is released when?

high pressure in volume

ANP function

Decrease reabsorption of sodium and limit ADH function

PTH comes from?

parathyroid gland

PTH is triggered by ____ calcium

low

Breaking down bone =

Bone resorption

PTH will help reabsorb _____ from kidney and ___ with the help of ____

Calcium, GI tract, Vitamin D

Source of vitamin D

GI tract, Skin

Calcitonin is released from?

Thyroid gland

Calcitonin function

decrease calcium level

Calcitonin removes calcium by the process of ____ ___

Bone formation

RAAS =

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system