O Chem Exam 1

meth-

1 carbon

eth-

2 carbons

prop-

3 carbons

but-

4 carbons

pent-

5 carbons

hex-

6 carbons

hept-

7 carbons

oct-

8 carbons

non-

9 carbons

dec-

10 carbons

undec-

11 carbons

dodec-

12 carbons

tridec-

13 carbons

-ane

alkane suffix

alkene

has at least one C-C double bond

alkyne

has at leat one C-C triple bond

alcohol

has a hydroxyl (OH^-) group attached to a carbon

haloalkane (alkyl halide)

has a halogen attached to a carbon

arene

has an aromatic ring of carbons

ether

has an oxygen between 2 carbons

alkane

• arise from a C-C sigma bond between the sp3 hybrid orbitals

• are considered to be saturated hydrocarbons

• formula is C_nH_2n+2

straight chain alkane

• all carbons are connected in a row

• are all named according to the number of carbons they have

branched-chain alkanes

• all carbons are NOT connected in a row; some branch off the main carbon chain

• are named according to the name and location of the branched carbons and the number of carbons they have in the main chain

constitutional isomers

have the same molecular formula, but different arrangements of atoms

alkyl groups

• created by removing an H from an alkane

• not stable on their own, but are part of a larger molecule

-yl

alkyl suffix

iso- (alkyl)

the H removed from alkane is internal

aldehyde

carbonyl group, has at least one hydrogen bonded to the C=O

ketone

carbonyl group, 2 carbons bonded to the C=O

ester

carbonyl group, has an oxygen bonded to the C=O

carboxylic acid

carbonyl group, has an -OH group bonded to the C=O

amide

carbonyl group, has an amine-like nitrogen bonded to the C=O

amine

has a carbon bonded to a nitrogen

thiol

has a carbon atom bonded to the sulfur of an -SH group

cyclic

forms a ring

Lewis Base

lone pairs, carbon w/ negative charge

Lewis Acid

incomplete octets, metal cations

dispersion forces

force all atoms, ions, and molecules exert

dipole-dipole

only polar molecules/polyatomic ions exert this force

hydrogen bonding

• each molecule must have one strongly electronegative atom O,N, or F

• electronegative atom in one molecule must be chemically bonded to an H atom, and electronegative in other molecule must have a lone pair

ion dipole

• only ions and polar molecule exert this force on each other

• usually seen in acids/bases

sp geometry

linear

sp² geometry

trigonal planar

sp³ geometry

tetrahedral

electron geometry

sigma bonds + lone pairs