alkyl halides

properties

slightly polar, organic soluble, highest poiling point, heaviest density

nucleophile

wants to give electrons to carbon nucleus (negative)

best nucleophile properties

low electronegativity, no induction, no resonance, larger molecule

why does low electronegativity make a better nucleophile

less stable so it is more willing to donate elctrons

why does no induction or resonance make a better nucleophile

molecule is more reactive

why is a larger molecule make a better nucleophile

less solvation = maintain reactivity

can create on polarity by localizing electrons

electrophile

accepts electrons from nucleophile (positive)

leaving group

accepts electron density

what makes a better leaving group

larger molecule and resonance

protic solvent

donatable proton (big dipole)

aprotic solvent

no donatable proton (no big dipole)

types of substitution reactions

Sn2 =concerted

Sn1 = stepwise (carbocation)

what can switch places in an SN2 reaction

ratnucleophile and electrophile

what do intramolecular forces in an sn2 and sn1 reaction do

make a ring

what does addig sodium elemental of NaH due to neutral OH

creates a negative oxygen

what is sn2 rate dependent on

nuceloophile, electrophile and leaving group

what can switch places in an sn1 reaction

nucelophile and leaving group

what can happen in an sn2 reaction stabelize the carbocation

hydride or methyl shift (resonance)

what is sn1 rate dependent on

electrophile and leaving group

types of elimination reactions

e2 = concerted

e1 = stepwise

properties of elimination reactions

occurs over 2 carbons

endergonic

what is a requirement for e2 reaction

H and LG must be antiperiplanar

what is the rate of an e2 reaction dependet on

base, electrophile and LG

how to make a carbocation in an e1 reaction more stable

hydride shift, ring change or methyl shift (resonance

what is the rate of an e1 reaction dependent on

both carbons for reaction and leaving group