Biomolecules and Energy: Chapters 1-5 Study Guide

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering essential vocabulary and concepts from the chapters on biomolecules, cellular processes, and genetics.

Biomolecules

Essential organic molecules that are crucial for life, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds that breakdown into glucose to provide energy and support metabolism.

Proteins

Composed of amino acids, they play key roles in muscle development and various bodily functions.

Lipids

Molecules that store energy as fatty acids and provide structural components to cell membranes.

Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins, containing nitrogen and linked by peptide bonds.

Periodic Table

A tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized by atomic number, displaying their properties and relationships.

Protons

Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of atoms.

Covalent Bonds

Chemical bonds formed when two atoms share electrons.

Ionic Bonds

Chemical bonds formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.

Nucleotides

The building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, comprising a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Genetic Material of COVID-19

Substring of single-stranded positive-sense RNA.

Plasmid

Small, circular DNA molecule separate from chromosomal DNA, important for antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

Restriction Enzymes

Proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, used in genetic engineering.

Transcription

The process in which DNA is copied into RNA.

Translation

The process by which RNA is used to synthesize proteins at ribosomes.

Mitosis

A cell division process resulting in two identical daughter cells for growth and repair.

Meiosis

A specialized form of cell division that results in four haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds between hydrogen atoms and electronegative atoms, important in stabilizing water and DNA structures.

Homologous Chromosomes

Paired chromosomes containing the same genes, one inherited from each parent.

Phenotype

The observable physical characteristics of an organism, influenced by its genotype.

Genotype

The genetic constitution of an individual, representing the alleles present.