MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 2 QUESTIONS

WHAT IS METABOLISM?

All chemcial reactions occurring within a cell.

WHAT ARE THE TWO COMPLEMENTARY SETS OF ACTIVITIES OF METABOLISM?

Catabolism & Anabolism

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF METABOLISM?

To efficiently manage the cell’s energy resources.

THE ENERGY RELEASE BY CATABOLIC REACTIONS IS USED FOR WHAT?

To drive anabolic reactions.

WHAT IS ANABOLISM?

Part of metabolism involving the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones.

IS ANABOLISM AN ENERGY-RELEASING OR ENERGY-CONSUMING PROCESS?

Energy-consuming.

WHAT IS CATABOLISM?

Part of metabolism that breaks down complex molecules to simpler ones.

IS CATABOLISM AN ENERGY-RELEASING OR ENERGY-CONSUMING PROCESS?

Energy-releasing.

WHAT IS COMPETITIVE INHIBITION?

A molecule similar in shape and size to the substate competes for the same active site on the enzyme.

WHAT IS THE RESULT OF COMPETITIVE INHIBITION?

Both molecules inhibit each others binding.

WHAT IS THE RESULT OF MOLECULE B, THE COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR, BINDING TO THE ENZYME’S ACTIVE SITE FIRST?

Prevention of molecule A, the substrate, from binding to the enzyme. Thus, inhibiting the enzyme’s activity toward molecule A.

WHAT IS ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION?

A molecule binding to a site other than the enzyme’s active site.

WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE SITE A MOLECULE BINDS TO IN ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION?

An allosteric site.

WHAT IS THE RESULT OF ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION?

Change in enzyme shape that reduces its activity towards the substrate.

WHEN MOLECULE B BINDS TO AN ALLOSTERIC SITE ON THE ENZYME THAT NORMALLY ACTS ON MOLECULE A, HOW IS MOLECULE A IMPACTED?

Molecule A can no longer fir into the active site as efficiently reducing the enzyme’s activity.

WHAT IS NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITION?

It occurs when an inhibitor binds to an enzyme at a site other than the active site.

WHAT DOES NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITION CAUSE?

It inactivates the enzyme without competing with the substrate for the active site.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN MOLECULE B BINDS TO A SITE ON THE ENZYME OTHER THAN WHERE MOLECULE A BINDS?

Changes the enzyme so it can no longer catalyze the conversion of molecule A into its product, regardless of whether molecule A is bound to the active site.

WHAT IS AMPHIBOLISM?

Process where microbial organisms integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency.

WHAT DOES AMPHIBOLISM ALLOW?

Simultaneous breakdown and synthesis of compounds.

WHAT IS CARBOHYDRATE BIOSYNTHESIS?

The anabolic process by which organisms synthesize carbohydrate molecules from simpler organic substances.

WHAT IS UTILIZED DURING CARBOHYDRATE BIOSYNTHESIS?

Utilizes energy and carbon sources from catabolic reactions.

WHAT IS GLUCONGENESIS?

Process of forming glucose from various intermediate.

WHAT IS GENETICS?

Genetic material of the cell.

WHAT IS A MUTATION?

The overall concept that a mutation is a forming glucose from various metabolic intermediate.

WHAT IS A NONSENSE MUTATION?

A mutation that changes a normal codon to a stop codon.

WHAT IS A SPONTANEOUS MUTATION?

A mutation that occurs naturally without external influence.

WHY DOES SPONTANEOUS MUTATION?

It occurs due to errors in DNA replication or repair mechanism.

WHAT IS AN INDUCED MUTATION?

A mutation caused by external factors.

WHAT FACTORS CAN CAUSE INDUCED MUTATIONS?

Chemicals or radiation.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN INDUCED MUTATION OCCUR?

Directly damages the DNA or interferes with its replication process.

WHAT IS A SUBSTITUTION MUTATION?

A type of mutation where one base pair in the DNA sequence is replaced by another.

WHAT DOES SUBSTITUTION MUTATION POTENTIALLY ALTER?

Amino acid sequence of the encoded protein.

WHAT IS A FRAMESHIFT MUTATION?

A mutation resulting from the insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides that is not divisible by three.

WHAT DOES A FRAMESHIFT MUTATION LEAD TO?

A shift in the reading frame of the codons in the mRNA and often result in a completely different translation from the original.

WHAT IS HEREDITY?

The transmission of genetic traits from parents to offspring.

WHAT DOES HEREDITY ALLOW FOR?

Inheritance of physical and genetic characterisitcs.

WHAT IS A GENOME?

The complete set of DNA within an organisms, including all its genes and noncoding sequences.

WHAT DOES A GENOME CONTAIN?

All the information necessary for the organism’s growth, development, and function.

WHAT IS A GENOTYPE?

The specific genetic makeup of an organism.

WHAT DOES THE GENOTYPE CONSIST OF?

All the alleles and genes within its genome that determine its inherited traits.

WHAT IS A PHENOTYPE?

The expression of genetic traits, basically the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism.

WHAT IS PHENOTYPE THE RESULT OF?

The interaction of its genotype with the environment.

WHAT IS CONJUGATION?

A process of genetic transfer in bacteria where DNA is directly transferred from one bacterial cell to another through a physical connection.

WHAT IS A PILUS?

A physical connection used to transfer DNA from one bacterial cell to another.

WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION?

The uptake and incorporation of external genetic material from the surrounding environment by bacterial cell.

WHAT IS TRANSDUCTION?

A method of genetic transfer in bacteria mediated by viruses.

WHAT ARE THE VIRUSES IN TRANSDUCTION KNOWN AS?

Bacteriophages

WHAT OCCURS IN TRANSDUCTION?

DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another via viral infection.

WHAT DO RETROVIRUSES USE?

Reverse transcription

WHAT DO RETROVIRUSES USE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION FOR?

To convert their RNA genome into DNA, which is then integrated into the host cell’s genome.

HOW ARE RETROVIRUSES AND USUAL VIRUSES DIFFERENT?

Retroviruses use reverse transcription while usual viruses directly replicate using their own DNA or RNA genomes.

WHAT IS COLONIZATION?

Establishment of microorganisms on or within a host.

DOES COLONIZATION CAUSE DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN THE HOST?

Colonization doesn’t cause disease symptoms in the host.

WHAT IS AN INFECTION?

The invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in a host ogranisms.

DOES INFECTION CAUSE DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN THE HOST?

Infections may or may not lead to disease.

WHAT IS AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE?

A disorder characterized by clinically evident symptoms and signs.

WHAT ARE INFECTIOUS DISEASES CAUSED BY?

Organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Resulted from the infection?

WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY?

Study of the frequency and distribution of a diseases in a defined population.

WHAT IS ZOONOSIS?

Disease found in animals that can be transmitted to humans.

WHAT ARE STANDARD PRECAUTIONS?

Treating blood and body fluids in a matter that assumes any and all patient specimen like they harbor infectious agents, meaning they must be handled with the same degree of care.

WHAT DO STANDARD PRECAUTIONS PROTECT?

Patients, healthcare providers, and the public.

WHAT ARE HEPA FILTERS USED FOR?

To remove microorganisms and debris from the air.

WHAT DOES MRSA START AS?

A skin infection

WHAT ORGANS DOES MRSA TRANSPORT TO?

Lungs and heart.

WHAT ARE THE TWO EASIEST MICROBIAL FORMS TO KILL?

Vegetative bacteria and fungi

WHY ARE THE TWO FORMS OF MICROBES THE EASIEST TO KILL?

They lack protective structures, such as spores.. Makes them more susceptible to physical and chemical methods of control such as heat, radiation, and antimicrobial agents.

WHAT DO SPORES ASSIST IN?

Withstand harsh envrionmental conditions and disinfectants.

WHY ARE HYPOCHLORITES NOT USED TO TREAT WATER?

They have the possibility of producing cancer causing substances.

WHAT IS USED AS AN ALTERNATIVE OF HYPOCHLORITES?

Chloramines.

WHAT DOES DISINFECTION INVOLVE?

Physical or chemical processes to destroy vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects.

WHAT IS AUTOCLAVING?

A form of steam sterilization.

WHAT DOES AUTOCLAVING USE AND WHY?

pressurized steam to kill all forms of microorganisms, including spores.

HOW ARE SPORES KILLED DURING AUTOCLAVING?

By the denaturing of their proteins.

WHAT IS THE TEMPERATURE ITEMS ARE STERILIZED AT, AND FOR HOW LONG?

121°C (250°F) for about 15-20 minutes, depending on the objects size.

WHAT PRESSURE IS USED DURING AUTOCLAVING?

15 psi.

WHY IS AUTOCLAVING EFFECTIVE?

Because of the high temperature and pressure combination penetrates materials quickly, ensuring thorough sterilization.

WHY IS AUTOCLAVING CRUCIAL?

Crucial in healthcare, microbiology, and other fields requiring sterile environments to prevent infection and contamination, maintaining safety and efficacy in medical procedures and laboratory experiments.

WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT STEP IN STERILIZING AN INOCULATION LOOP?

Actual sterilization process, where the loop is heated until it glows red-hot in the flame.

WHY IS THE STERILIZATION PROCESS CRUCIAL?

Ensures the destruction of all microorganisms, including spores, on the loop.

WHAT DOES STERILIZATION PREVENT AND ENSURE?

Prevents cross-contamination and ensuring the accuracy and safety of microbiological work. Without this thorough heating, the sterilization would be incomplete, potentially compromising experimental results and biosafety.

WHAT DO AMINOGLYCOSIDES ATTACH TO?

30S ribosomal subunit.

WHAT DO AMINOGLYCOSIDES DO AFTER ATTACHING?

Disrupt protein synthesis.

WHAT IS THE MAIN CHALLENGE WHEN DEVELOPING ANTIVIRALS?

Making sure the antiviral is selectively toxic for the virus and not the host.

CARBAPENEMS AND MONOBACTAMS ARE CLASSES OF…

β-lactam antibiotics

CARBAPENEMS AND MONOBACTAMS SHARE A STRUCTURE SIMILAR TO?

Penicillin

WHATS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CARBAPENEMS, MONOBACTAMS, AND PENICILLIN?

Carbapenems and monobactams exhibit a broader spectrum of activity.

CARBAPENEMS AND MONOBACTAMS EXHIBIT A GREATER RESISTANCE TO?

β-lactamases.

CARBAPENEMS ARE KNOWN FOR?

Potent activity against a wide range of bacteria, including those resistance to other β-lactam antibiotics, by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.

CARBAPENEMS INCLUDE A DRUGS LIKE?

Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem, and Doripenem.

WHY ARE MONOBACTAMS UNIQUE?

Singular β-lactam ring structure, making them highly resistant to β-lactamases.

MONOBACTAMS ARE LESS LIKELY TO CAUSE WHAT?

Allergic reactions in individuals allergic to penicillin.

MONOBACTAMS SPECIFICALLY TARGET WHAT?

Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa

WHAT ARE MONOBACTAMS REPRESENTED BY?

Aztreonam

WHAT IS USED TO TREAT AN INFECTION WITH SARS-COV-2?

PAXLOVID AND REMDESIVIR

PAXLOVID IS A…

Protease inhibitor

REMDESIVIR IS A…

Nucleoside analog

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS ARE DERIVED FROM WHAT TWO BACTERIAL GENEREA?

Streptomyces and Bacillus.

ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS ARE DERIVED FROM WHAT TWO FUNGAL GENERA?

Penicillium and Cephalosporium (Acremonium)