microbio chapters 4, 5 6

Ignicoccus

archaeal; has outer membrane so no pseudomurein

chytridiomycota

fungal group based on repro; only one with flagellated cell

microsporidia

fungal group based on repro; obligate intracellular parasite

mycoromycota

fungal group based in repro; sexual spore is thick walled and ornamented

glomeromycota

fungal group based on repro; reproduce ASEXUALLY ONLY

ascomycota

fungal group based on repro; sac fungi; includes yeast, truffles and morels

basidiomycota

fungal group based on repro; club fungi; includes mushrooms

saprophytes

decomposers

mycorrhizae & lichin

help plants grow, form associations

most important antibiotic from fungus

penicillin

cell wall of fungi

chitin

what sugar is chitin made up of?

N-acetylglucosamine polysaccharide

single called fungi

yeasts

multicellular fungi

molds

septated hyphae; Assptated hyphae

hair like extensions with a septum dividing nucleus; hair like extension with free floating nuclei

hyphae filaments tangled together, pony tail like structure

mycelium

stem and cap of a mushroom that form a fruiting body

thallus

mycoses

fungal infections

what does systemic mycoses cause?

death

how do dimorphic fungi infect a human?

mold spore turns into single celled yeast growing inside you

opportunistic fungi (mycoses)

yeast candidia albicans located in skin/mucous membranes

histoplasmosis: cause, where does it infect and other

• histoplasma capsulatum (dimorphic fungus) from bird and bat droppings

• infects lungs, grows inside macrophages. can becomes systemic and flu like symptoms OR asymptomatic

• endemic, usually found by rivers

cryptococcosis: cause, where does it infect and other

• cryptococcus neocormans (yeast) that is INVASIVE. systemic

• inhalation of pigeon droppings or contaminated soil

• problem for immunocompromised, grown in bird seed agar

nosocomial candidiasis: cause, where does it infect and other

• candida albicans (yeast)

• infection involve skin or mucous membranes, UTI’s. spread by sexual contact

• usually not systemic

Candida auris

nosocomial candidasis that is highly systemic in the blood ~50% mortality rate

why is it harder to get rid of fungi?

they are also eukaryotic. harder for drugs to identify them

brain eating amoeba: cause, infects, other

Protozoa

• Primary amoebic menungoencephalitis (PAM) caused by Naegleria fowleri

• directly invades central nervous system, does not need to be ingested

• fatal within 10 days

Amebiasis: cause, infects, other

Protozoa

• Entanoeba histolytica. intestinal amebae that are CYSTS. they survive the stomach

• 1 cyst= 4 ameba

• dysentery

• men are more likely to get it

Giardia: cause, infects and other

Protozoa

• Giardia intestinalis. 10 cysts

• most common cause of intestinal parasitic disease

• zoonotic, human carries

• absorb YOUR nutrients

Malaria

protozoa

• Plasmidium spp, apicomplexa

• requires vector

pyrotherapy

dr julius wagner-jauregg

• increase temp to get rid of pathogen

malaria life cycle

a. infection

b. sporozoites

c. merazoites

d. ring stage reproduce asexually

e. then transmitted BACK to mosquito

apicomplexa

category of protozoa that has modified ends to enter other cells, how malaria toxiplasmosis, and african sleeping sickness infects

African Sleeping Sickness

• Hunan African tryoanosomiasis (HAT)

• Tryoanosoma brucei, gambiense

• apicomplexa

• hide in cattle when not active

• VSG switching - antigenic variation

• antibody buildup causes coma

Toxoplasmosis

• Toxiplasma gondii

• apicomplexa

• in rodents, birds and cats

• asymptomatic however if immuno compromised or pregnant can spread through litter box

acellular agents

• viruses

• viroids

• prions

viruses are made up of

protein and nucleic acid (DNA OR RNA)

viroids are made up of

RNA only

prions are made up of

amino acids (protein)

virion

complete viral particle (nucleic acid and protein coat) that cannot reproduce independently and exist extracellularly.

really small

nucleocapsid

unit of viral structure that consists of a capsid (protein coat) that protects enveloped nucleic acid

spikes

unit of viral structure that helps viruses attach to hosts and/or replication and helps us identify them

H1N1 what does the H and N stand for and how does it help?

H- hemagglutinin helps with attachment and red blood cell clumping

N- neuraminidase helps with replication

how do retroviruses work?

take RNA template and make DNA, ex. HIV

Segmented viruses

are RNA viruses with genomes divided into multiple distinct molecules, ex. Flu

Steps of viral multiplication

1. attachment to host cell

2. entry and uncoating of genome

3. synthesis

4. assembly

5. release

steps of viral multiplication by PHAGES

1. attachment to host cell

2. synthesis

3. assembly

4. release

tropism

a viruses specific preference for infecting certain cells with specific receptors, specificity

how does virion release work in nonenveloped viruses?

lyses the host cell

ex. adenoviruses, papillomaviruses and phases

how does virion release work in enveloped viruses?

use budding. they leave with a piece of modified membrane and take what they need

ex. influenza virus, herpesvirus, retrovirus and coronaviruses

phage

a dormant bacteriophage thats genome integrated into a host bacterium's DNA during lysogenic cycle. only temperate phages

virulent phage

only goes through the lytic cycle

temperate phages

Corynebacterium diptheriae,

Clostridium botulinum,

Vibrio cholerae

cytocidal infections

viruses that kills cells

ex. HIV - AIDS kills CD4 T cells

Latent infections

virus that goes to sleep and could come back in a later stage in life once activated

ex. Varicella - chickenpox/shingles

Chronic infections

long term

ex. EBV - mono/lymphoma

transformative infections

ex. HPV - cervical cancer

Influenza (Flu)

Virus

• enveloped

• spiked

• segmented genome

(-)ssRNA virus

• type A & B are harmful to humans

• H1N1 (swine flu) or H5N1 (bird flu)

• worst pandemic in 1918

Antigenic drift

small changes to a virus over a long period of time

Antigenic shift

major change to a virus over a short period of time segmented

Common cold can be caused by

many different viruses like

rhinoviruses (ssRNA viruses), coronavirus, parainfluenza

symptoms for the cold that are differentiate it from the flu

• gradual onset

• no fever

• allergy like symptoms

Corona virus

• positive stranded RNA

• spikes proteins ‘crown shape’

• mostly B- coronaviruses cause harm to humans

SARS- CoV

coronavirus that emerged in guangdong china in 2002

MERS-CoV

coronavirus that emerged in arabian peninsula in 2012, still a public health concern

SARA-CoV-2

coronavirus that was identified in 2019

• causes COVID-19

• enveloped, spiked protein

• positive single stranded RNA virus (gets translated without making template)

what does SARS-CoV-2 bind to

ACE2 & TMPRSS2

how do you indirectly quantify viruses?

looking at observable effects

• hemagglutination assay (look for clumping

• plaque assay (PFU), for phages only and looking for holes where the phages attacked virus

are viroids only primary structure?

no they have secondary (hairpins)

Viroids

function very similarly to mRNA

only cause plant diseases

Prions

degenerative disease of the brain

• transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

• no effective treatment

Scrapie

prion disease in sheep

chronic wasting disease (CWD)

prion disease in deer, elk and reindeer

no treatment

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

prion disease in humans, CJD variant

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

prion disease in humans that comes from contaminated cow meat

kuru

prion disease from cannibalism (human to human)

PrPC

function in mitochondria in the neuron, good version, necessary for human survival

PrPSc

misfolded protein in neuron, too many beta sheets. will bind to good proteins and causes a domino effect and turns all the regular folded proteins into bad ones