functional anatomy exam 1

anatomy

science of the shape & structure of organisms and their parts

what makes up the skeleton system?

bones (206)

what are the functions of the muscular system?

1. produce movement

2. maintain posture

3. produce heat

what makes up the nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, nerves

what are the functions of the nervous system?

1. regulate body activities

2. oversees coordination of all systems

3. sensory & motor functions

4. glandular secretion

what makes up the circulatory system?

heart & blood vessels

what makes up the integumentary system?

skin, hair, nails

what makes up the respiratory system?

lungs, nose, trachea, diaphragm

what is the function of the digestive system?

• break down & absorb food for use by cells

• eliminates solids & wastes

what is the function of the urinary system?

• remove waste from blood

• assist in maintaining body’s water & electrolyte balance

what makes up the endocrine system?

glands

what is the function of the reproductive system?

produce, store, and transport reproductive cells

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

• protect against disease

• return protein & plasma from interstitial fluid to CV (cardiovascular) system (aka circulatory system)

describe the anatomical position

• standing upright

• arm at sides

• palms forward

• feet forward

• head forward

supine

laying on back; palms up

prone

laying on stomach; palms down

superior

towards the head

inferior

away from head

anterior

nearer front of body

posterior

nearer back of body

medial

towards the midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

nearer trunk or point or origin

distal

farther from trunk or point of origin

superficial

closer to the surface

deep

further from the surface

ipsilateral

on the same side of body

contralateral

on opposite side of body

what are the 3 cardinal planes?

sagittal, frontal, transverse

what is a plane?

2D surface defined by 3 points not on same line

“motion occurs in a plane”

what is an axis?

line that passes perpendicularly through a plane

“motion occurs in a plane about an axis”

sagittal

divides into right/left sides

frontal

divides into front & back

transverse

divides into upper & lower

explain how the axis and plane are related to one another

motion occurs in a plane about an axis

plane: sagittal, frontal, transverse

axis: mediolateral, anteroposterior, longitudinal

what plane does the mediolateral axis interact with?

sagittal

flexion

bending of a joint that decreases the angle between two segments of the body

extension

increases the angle and straightens the joint

which plane of motion does flexion & extension occur in?

sagittal plane

abduction

movement of a limb or body part away from the midline of the body

adduction

movement of a limb or body part toward the midline of the body

which plane of motion does abduction & adduction occur in?

frontal plane

which plane of motion does internal rotation & external rotation occur in?

transverse plane

internal rotation

turning of a limb or joint inward, towards the midline of the body

external rotation

turning of a limb or joint outward, away from the midline of the body

which plane of motion does circumduction occur in?

all 3 (transverse, sagittal, frontal)

circumduction

conical, circular movement of a limb or body part that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction in a continuous sequence

describe the organization of human body from largest to smallest

body → organ system → organs → tissues → cells

what are the 4 types of tissue?

• epithelial

• connective

• muscular

• nervous

function of epithelial tissue

cover & protect the body

examples of epithelial tissue

skin, organ linings

function of connective tissue

provide support

examples of connective tissue

ligaments, tendons, meniscus, bone

function of muscular tissue

movement

examples of muscular tissue

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

function of nervous tissue

control & communication

examples of nervous tissue

brain, nerves

what are the 2 main parts of the skeletal system?

axial & appendicular

what is included in the axial skeleton?

head, neck, trunk

name a long bone

femur

name a short bone

scaphoid

describe sesamoid bones

bone formed within a tendon

name a sesamoid bone

patella

describe flat bones

thin, flat, usually slightly curved

name a flat bone

sternum, ribs

name an irregular bones

vertebra

what is an osteon?

structural unit of bone

what percent of skeleton is compact bone?

80%

what is spongy bones?

trabecular bone, surrounded by compact bone

what is the nutrient artery?

branch from major artery that enters bone & periosteum

describe the bone formation process

process of bone formation

explain wolff’s law

tissue remodels along lines of greatest stress

what are the 3 types of muscles?

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

which muscle types are striated in appearance?

cardiac, skeletal

which muscle types contract voluntarily?

skeletal

which muscle types contract involuntarily?

smooth, cardiac

what are the primary functions of the muscular system?

• produce movement

• maintain posture & body position

• stabilize joints

• produce heat

what are the characteristics of muscle tissue?

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

what are most muscles named based on?

function, attachment sites, position/direction, shape, size

the ___________ is the proximal attachment site and is typically less mobile site. the ______________ is the distal attachment site and is typically more mobile.

origin, insertion

what surrounds the skeletal muscle?

epimysium

skeletal muscle is made up of bunches of ____________.

fascicles

fascicles are made up of bunches of _______ _______.

muscle fibers

muscle fibers are made up of bunches of _____________.

myofibrils

the _____________ contains actin and myosin and is considered the smallest function unit of striated muscle tissue

sarcomere

skeletal muscles are innervated by _______ nerves

peripheral

describe an isometric connection

high tension but no change in muscle length

(no joint movement)

describe an isotonic contraction

high tension and change in total muscle length

(joint moves)

concentric and eccentric contraaction are considered to be _________ (pick one: isometric or isotonic) contractions

isotonic

when an eccentric contraction occurs, the total muscle length ________ (pick one: shortens or elongates)

elongates

when a concentric contraction occurs, the total muscle length __________ (pick one: shortens or elongates)

shortens

list 5 factors that can impact the total force produced by a muscle contraction

1. # available muscle fibers

2. size of muscle

3. type of fibers

4. age

5. neuromuscular efficiency

________ connect bone to bone

ligament

_______ connect muscle to bone

tendons

where do the muscle and tendon meet?

myotendinious junction

what structures are included in the nervous system?

brain, spinal cords, nerves

the brain and spinal cord are part of the ______ nervous system

central

the nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord are part of the _________ nervous system

peripheral

what are the function of the central nervous syetem?

• integrate incoming & outgoing signals

• higher order mental functions

what are meninges?

layers of membranes that protect the brain & spinal cord