dynamics of healthcare Rutgers exam EXAM (2025/2026) Updated: EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE ANSWERS | GET IT RIGHT!!

what has contributed to the rising cost of healthcare?

Expensive medical technology, aging populations, and increase of chronic diseases

How has the ACA increased access to care?

Narrowed racial and ethnic disparities in access to health insurance, medicaid expanded health coverage, and tax credits are more available.

What aspects of healthcare does the ACA cover?

Inpatient and ambulatory care, mental health services, pregnancy and childbirth, doctor's services, and prescription drug coverage.

what are the social determinants of health and how do they impact healthcare?

Conditions in which people are born, live, work and age in. Ex: no access to stable housing, nutritious foods, employment, education, reliable transportation, and personal safety.

what are the categories of healthcare services provided by the US healthcare system?

Health promotion, disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment, rehabilitation, and chronic care.

What are FQHCs? Who do they service?

They are privately funded free clinics that provide preventative, medical, dental, and mental health services. They serve the uninsured, unemployed, underemployed, undocumented immigrants, members of the LGBTQ community, low income individuals, minorities, and homeless

ACF

administration for children and families: promotes economic and social well being through educational and supportive programs

ACL

Administration for community living: ensures access to community support and resources to meet needs of older Americans and people with disabilities

AHRQ

Agency for healthcare research and quality: supports research designed to improve quality and patients safety, reduce healthcare costs and medical errors and broadens access to essential services

ATSDR

agency for toxic substance and disease registry: Prevents exposure to toxic substances and the adverse health effects and diminished quality of life associated with exposure from waste sites, unplanned releases and other sources of environmental pollution.

CDC

center for disease control and prevention: coordinates the team of healthcare workers at the city and state levels across the country during an epidemic. Protects the public health of the nations by providing leadership and direction.

CMS

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services: combines oversight of the medicare program, the federal portion of the medicaid program and state children's health insurance program, the health insurance marketplace and related quality-assurance activities.

FDA

Food and drug administration: ensures that food is safe, pure and wholesome.

WHO

World Health Organization: Uses leadership to prevent diseases for the UN

IHS

Indian Health service: provides american indians and alaska natives with comprehensive health services by developing and managing programs to meet their health needs

NIH

National institute of health: Supports biomedical and behavioral research in the US and abroad, conducts research in its own laboratories and clinics, trains promising young researchers, and promotes collecting and sharing medical knowledge.

what are the aspects of the patient care partnership?

It lists the responsibilities of hospital and staff toward patients and family. A major point highlighted is informed consent

How are public healthcare systems funded?

local, state, and federal government

which populations are covered under Medicare? what coverage does medicare provide?

Medicare covers the elderly (65 and older) and people with end stage renal disease, special disabilities, and ALS.

How do hospitals use DRGs for billing?

A set payment for categories that are used tot classify patients for the purpose of hospital reimbursement with a fixed fee regardless of the actual cost and that are based on the diagnosis, surgical procedure used, age of patient and expected length of stay.

what are copays and how do they impact costs to the healthcare system?

A copayment shares the cost for healthcare services not covered by health insurance.

What are deductibles and how do they impact costs to the healthcare system?

A deductible is the dollar amount paid out of pocket for health-care services before health insurance will cover the cost.

What are health maintenance organizations (HMO)?

Insurance provider that administers basic and supplemental health maintenance and treatment services to enrollees who pay a fixed fee.

what are some of the demographic changes expected to take place in the US? How will these changes impact the healthcare system?

Increase in the aging population which will lead to an increase in the healthcare system because of more chronic diseases.

ADLs: assisted daily living

ADLs- basic self care tasks, like brushing teeth and putting on a shirt

IADLs: Instrumental activities of daily living

IADL's- things you do everyday to take care of yourself and your home. Like, balancing a checkbook or managing medications.

How are long term care facilities funded?

Personal funds, government programs, long term care insurance, reverse mortgages, certain life insurance policies

What is the role and education of an occupational health and safety specialist?

Bachelors and they protect workers, inspect worksites and design programs to prevent disease or injury

how does health literacy impact overall health and the healthcare system?

Health literacy is the ability of an individual to obtain, process, and understand health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions.

What are healthcare disparities?

differences in health outcomes because of differences in race, ethnicity, immigration status, income, education or employment.

What are health information technology?

it is a broad concept that encompasses and array of technologies to record, store, retrieve, protect, share, and analyze health information. The confidentiality of patient info is protected by federal and state law.

what are clinical decision support systems?

The variety of technologies that provide healthcare providers with diagnostic and treatment recommendations.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an electronic health record?

Advantages: easy access and offers a snapshot/pic of the patient's condition and treatment at the time

Disadvantages: could become a violation of the HIPPA law or bad if there was a data breach

what are the various workplace setting of healthcare workers?

Hospitals, health practitioner offices, free clinics, nursing and residential facilities, etc.

Where can someone obtain an education in healthcare?

college/universities.

what are the components of common core knowledge?

Medical terminology, anatomy, physiology, infection control, medical math, and communication.

what are some of the characteristics of a healthcare professional?

Professionalism, ethical, accountable, treating everyone with common courtesy, dressing appropriately.

Licensing

A right conferred by a governmental body to practice an occupation or provide service.

Accreditation

Process by which an external entity reviews an organization or program of study to determine if the organization or program meets certain predetermined standards.

Certification

The process or action of providing an individual with an official document attesting to their status or level of achievement.

Malpractice

A professional misconduct.

Negligence

Failure to do something that a reasonably prudent person would do in the same or similar situation; alternatively, doing something that a reasonably prudent person would not do in the same or similar situation.

why do healthcare professionals need continuing education? Who determines the requirements?

To further their own employment opportunities; the state.

Which professions require a bachelors degree in order to provide healthcare?

RN, SLPA assistant, exercise physiologist, kinesiotherapist, social workers, health education specialist, school health educators, orientation and mobility specialists, health services administration, health information administration, etc.

are there any healthcare professionals that do not require licensure or certification in order to provide healthcare services?

yes

Are there healthcare professionals that are expected to decline?

Yes; pharmacists, medical transcriptionists, school health educators, and respiratory therapy technicians.

What is the scope of practice and specialization areas for recreational therapists?

Restore and rehabilitate a person's level of function and independence in life activities.

what is the difference between a PT and a PTA

A PT has more autonomy and more education than an assistant, therefore also having a higher amount of income.

what are community healthcare workers? What is their role and job function?

they provide a link between the community and health educators

what are the different types of sonographers?

Obstetric and gynecologic sonographers, abdominal sonographers, neurosonography, and Breast sonographers.

what is the benefit of massage therapy?

improves joint mobility, they only work on soft tissues

what is the difference between psychiatric aides and psychiatric technicians?

Psychiatric technicians provide therapeutic care to patients who are mentally impaired, while aids, play games with the patients and don't engage in the therapeutic activities.

what is the educational requirement for vet techs?

A veterinary technologist needs advanced research positions and a bachelor's degree, while a technician needs an associates degree.

what is the scope of practice and licensure requirements for vet techs?

Veterinary technologists and technicians perform general medical tests like urinalysis and blood counts. The licensing is different by state, coursework, and national certificate exam.

HMO

insurance provider that administers basic supplemental health maintenance treatment services to enrollees who pay a fixed fee

EPO

Health plan that only covers the cost of providers inside the network, can leave the network incase of an emergency, and you don't need a referral

PPO

Health insurance plan that covers the cost of providers within a network and outside of the network although copayments by the patient are higher for out of network providers. You get benefits

Private insurance

Health insurance provided through an employer or purchased by an individual through another group such as a professional organization.

how did the area agencies on aging (AAA) come to exist?

The federal government funds the aging network through individual states, which then distribute money to AAA's to fund direct services in local communities. AAA's were designed for vulnerable adults 60 years and older. These agencies offer case management, information and referral, and counseling on health insurance benefits.

What is the definition of telemedicine?

The use of electronic communications and information technologies to provide or support clinical care at a distance.

What is telehealth?

Healthcare appointments delivered by the clinician through telecommunication technologies. Also, communicating appointment reminders, visit summaries, and lab and diagnostic results through an electronic record.

What are teams that may be formed while a patient is receiving healthcare services? Who might be members of the teams?

IPP (interprofessional practice); physical therapist, kinesiotherapists, etc.

What is a communication impairment? Which professional would manage or treat communication impairment issues?

When you can't hear, speak, or understand language. Audiologists, speech-language pathologists, and assistants.

What is the role of a psychologist? What are the areas of specialization in this field?

Study behavior of individuals or groups to understand human behavior. Clinical, counseling, developmental, educational, forensic, engineering, experimental, geropsychologist, health, industrial, school, social, neuropsychologist, personnel, psychometric, rehabilitation, and research.

What is the job function of a healthcare manager?

manages mergers and acquisitions as healthcare delivery consolidates. They also help with the finances, budgeting, and costs.

What is the role of the Commission on Accreditation for Health Information Management Education (CAHIIM)?

Accredits education programs.

What are the components of a malpractice case? What does each side have to prove in a malpractice case?

Negligence, breach, injury caused by breach

1973 older americans act established what

Area agencies on aging

In terms of jobs in the healthcare industry, which of the following employs the largest percentage of healthcare workers

Hospitals

what is true about long term care facilities funded by federal government

Help ADLs intermediate care facilities for people with intellectual disabilities and patient psychiatrics services

VA health system

available to retired veterans, focuses on long term care, mental health, and hospitals

Physician

Doctorate

PA

Masters (PA school)

social worker

Bachelors

EMT

CPR and highschool diploma

paramedic

CPR and highschool, can intubate and has a higher power than EMT

Home health aides

Don't need highschool

PT

Doctorate

PTA

associates degree, and on the job

psychologists

masters

Respiratory therapists

associates degree

recreational therapist

Bachelors degree

Occupational therapists

masters degree in OT

OTA

Associates degree

Speech language pathologist

masters

dental hygienists

associates degree

optometrist

Doctorate

dispensing optician

Associates

athletic trainer

Masters

medical transcriptionist

associates degree

medical librarians

Masters

massage therapists

High school degree

chiropractors

Doctorate

health administrators/health managers

Bachelors

psychiatric tech

associates degree

psychiatric aides

High school diploma

Diagnostic medical sonographer

Highschool diploma or masters

surgical technologist

associates

Dosimetrist

associates degree

health information techs

associates