End Of Year History Revision Year 8

Iron Age Britain

700 BC – AD 43

Roman Britain

AD 43 – AD 410

Medieval

AD 410 – AD 1450

Early Modern

AD 1450 – AD 1750

Industrial Revolution

AD 1750 – AD 1900

Modern History

AD 1900 – present

1500 – 1599

16th century

1755

18th century

Primary Source

A piece of historical evidence from the time of an event

Secondary Source

A piece of historical evidence, created after an event.

Interpretation

An opinion of the past.

Bias

A one-sided point of view

Causation

The study into what caused events to happen.

Consequence

The results or effects of a particular event or decision

Feudal system

A system introduced by William the Conqueror, where land was exchanged for loyalty and service.

Monarchy

A system of government where a King or Queen is head of the government.

Baron

A member of the nobility who held land from the monarch in return for military service.

Villein

A peasant who could not leave the village (manor) without permission.

Freeman

A member of the peasantry who could leave the village (manor) without permission.

Crusades

‘Wars of the Cross’. Holy war between Christians and Muslims over the ‘Holy land’ and Jerusalem.

Black Death

Arrived in England in 1348 and was responsible for the death of 1/3 of the population.

Magna Carta

A charter signed in 1215 that limited the power of the English king.

Renaissance

French for re-birth. Period of history where there was a renewed interest in the Greek and Roman periods of history and new learning.

Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century challenging the Catholic church. Led to the formation of Protestant church.

Dissolution of monasteries

The closure and destruction of monasteries by Henry VIII.

Divine Right of Kings

The belief that monarchs are chosen by God and should not be challenged.

Industrialisation

The development of the factory system and large scale production, using machines.

Urbanisation

The Growth of towns and Cities as people moved from the countryside to towns.

Child labour

The use of children in industry or business, often including harsh conditions.

Radical

Someone who supports extreme religious or political ideas and in some cases supports terrorism to achieve them.

Empire

A group of countries or territories ruled by a single power.

Colony

A country or territory that is part of an empire.

Imperialism

A policy of growing an empire by taking control of other countries.

Nationalism

A movement/belief where you believe your country is better and stronger than other countries.

Militarism

A belief that a country should have a strong army and be ready to use it to achieve its goals. It means putting a lot of money, effort, and importance into the military.

Holocaust

The genocide of six million Jews and other groups beginning in 1933 to 1945.

In India, Sugar cane is processed into crystals which is added to food.

The Islamic empire spread the use of Sugar.

Sugar cane could not be grown in Northern Europe. It arrived with trade with the Islamic empire. The Portuguese and Spanish took Sugar production to Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde.

Only the rich could afford to buy sugar and it was used as table decorations. Slave labour began to be used on the islands to make sugar cheaper.

Europeans began to take sugar cane to the Americas (Caribbean) to grow sugar. Slave labour was used.

The middle classes could now afford sugar. 11 million enslaved Africans were taken from their homeland.

Indentured labourers, mainly from India, were used to grow sugar. Sugar Beet was discovered. Industrialisation of sugar.

Sugar became available to the working classes. New products, like Chocolate and sweets were developed.

Even more sugar based products were developed. A new form of sugar – Fructose – was widely used.

Obesity and health issues led to the government introducing a sugar tax.

Mines

In parts of Wales, Scotland and England, mines were opened to produce the coal that was needed to power the steam engines that drove the machinery.

Coastlines

Many places on Britain’s coast became busy ports and centres of shipbuilding.

Transport

Across Britain, roads and canals were built to transport raw materials and finished goods. From the 1840s, railways transformed travel.

Midlands

In the Midlands, foundries and factories started to make an enormous range of metal goods. New pottery factories also opened, producing millions of items each year.

Towns and Cities

In every town and city, new businesses provided goods and services for the growing population.

Northern England

In Northern England, hundreds of textile factories (often known as ‘mills’) began to produce huge quantities of woollen and cotton cloth.

What was the name given to unskilled builders?

Navvies

What did these unskilled builders build from the 1840s onwards?

The railways

In which part of England were most textile factories located?

The north of England

Name two advantages of working in the textile factories for women.

The wages were higher than elsewhere; women could work together.

Name three other jobs women could do to earn money.

The service industry, spinning, cleaning, laundry, dressmaking, making and selling food.

What type of help was there for people who were struggling financially?

Poor relief from the parish

Name two disadvantages of working in the textile factories for women.

Long hours, hard work, noisy

Who spoke at St Peter's Field on 16 August 1819?

Henry Hunt

Who could vote in elections in 1819?

Men who owned property

Why were people in Manchester unhappy about the political system?

They had no MPs.

What did radicals want?

They wanted all men to be able to vote.

How did the war with France cause problems with jobs?

It caused unemployment.

How big was St Peter’s Field?

About the size of two football pitches

How many people were at the meeting?

50,000

How many people were killed?

17

How many hussars were there?

600

What did the Manchester Yeomanry do when they arrived?

They rode into the crowd.

What happened to Henry Hunt and the other leaders after the massacre?

They were sent to prison.

How else did the authorities try to stamp out the radicals?

Radical newspapers were shut down and meetings of more than 50 people were banned.

Who was given the right to vote in the 1832 Reform Act?

All men with property

What right was given to cities such as Manchester in 1832 Reform Act?

They were allowed an MP.

When were men and women given equal voting rights?

1928

Before industrialisation, where did people spin and weave cloth?

In their homes

What was the population of Bradford by 1850?

100,000

What machines were originally used to produce cloth?

Spinning wheels and handlooms

What powered the new machines to produce cloth?

Steam engines

Britain became the world’s first industrial nation during which period of time?

1750–1850

What products were made in the mills in Manchester and Bradford?

Cotton and woollen cloth

How did skilled labourers train before the Industrial Revolution?

By becoming apprentices

How long were boys apprenticed for?

Seven years

Front line trench

These trenches were closest to the enemy. Soldiers would fire across No Man’s Land from the front line trenches.

Communication trench

These trenches connected the other lines of trenches. Soldiers would use them to move between the other trenches.