Unit 3 Development (Aging, Gender, & Language)

cards 24-44 are missing!!

adolescence

transitional period from childhood to adulthood; puberty to independence

sequence; timing

the ____ of physical changes in puberty is far more predictable than their ____

prefrontal cortex

what part of the brain lags behind that of the emotional limbic system during puberty?

limbic system

what part of the brain’s development is the reason why teenagers are so emotional, impulsive, and engage in risky behavior?

age 25

prefrontal cortex matures until what age?

males

the biological sex more prone to dying

death-deferral phenomenon

the subconscious tendency to avoid dying just before an important holiday…then dying right after

sex

the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define as male, female, and intersex

gender

the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that in a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex

relational aggression

an act of aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

primary sex characteristics

body structures that make sexual reproduction possible (ovaries, testes, genitalia)

secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive sexual traits (female breasts, male body hair)

spermarche

puberty landmark for boys; the first ejaculation

menarche

puberty landmark for girls; the first menstrual period

age 50

the age where most gender differences subside

XY

the two chromosomes that males have

social learning theory

the theory that assumes we acquire our identity in childhood by observing & imitating other’s gender-linked behaviors and by being rewarded or punished (“boys don’t cry!”)

gender typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

gender identity

our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of the two. does not relate to culture, society, or biological sex

sexual restraint

these characteristics determine what? → high intelligence, religious engagement, father presence, and service learning participation

identical twins

the type of twins that are more likely to share a same-sex orientation

mothers side

male same-sex attraction appears to be transmitted from what side of the family?

jean piaget

the person who studied children’s developing cognition in the 1920s

crystalized

type of intelligence: accumulated knowledge, facts, and verbal skills that increase with age and experience (ex: vocab, historical facts)

fluid

type of intelligence: reasoning quickly, thinking abstractly, and solving new problems without relying on prior knowledge, and declines with age (ex: logic puzzles)

reminiscence bump

when asked to recall important events as an older person, this phenomenon makes you only remember events from your teens or twenties

phonemes

the smallest distinctive sound units in language

morphemes

the smallest language units that carry meaning (like a prefix)

grammar

a languages set of rules that enable people to communicate

semantics

the meaning of words/sounds

syntax

order of words in a sentence

receptive language

happens at 4 months old; a babies ability to understand what is said to and about them

10 months

at how many months old does an infants babbling change so that one can hear the household language in their speech?

one-word stage

when a child mostly speaks in single words (doggy!)

telegraphic speech

the speech stage where a child speaks like a telegram (want juice! go car!)

electrical stimulation

what can restore speaking abilities lost from damage to the broca’s area

linguistic determinism

the hypothesis that language determines the way we think. languages with no past tense can’t think about the past (wrong)

linguistic relativism

the idea that language influences the way we think