Social issue 3: national interest and WW1

German unification

Born out of rivalry with Prussia and Austria, wars broke out between German states about who would be included in the unified Germany, master plan by Otto von Bismarck, Prussia wins against Austria- Hungary and they will not be apart of the unified Germany, unified by whilham in hall of mirrors

Foreign policy

A course of action a sovereign nation takes in its conduct with other action-states or national organizations. Nations must interact and meet the needs of citizens, in between nationalism and internationalism

Prosuit of national interest's that form foreign policy’s

Relationships with nations with sheared or opposing ideologies, identifying and justifying a nations needs and goals

Foreign policy example (6)

Treaties
non-governmental organizations
foreign aid
military forces
tariffs and trade
diplomacy

National interest

The issues a nation cares about (strong military and strong defensive system). An aim to protect their independence, integrity, and sovereignty

National interest examples

Military, trade agreements, human rights, democratic govt, alliances

WW1 main causes

assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by the black hand, as-well as politics, imperialism, alliance, and nationionlist endeavours

Imperialism

a policy of extending your rule over foreign country’s economics, political, or cultural institutions

Major players (5)

Britain (strong navy)
France (strong military)
Austria-Hungary,
Russia
Germany

Minor players (2)

Siberia, Belgium (no ally’s)

German nationalism

Unification of Germany against a common enemy, offset the power in Europe as they devolved military and their economy and wanted to gain colonies

Triple alliance (central powers)

Germany, Austria, Italy, agreed to come to each others aid in times of crisis

Triple entente (allies)

France, Russia, and Britain, agreed to help each other if attacked by Germany, italy eventually secretly joined because they’d get land (japan ally), surrounded the Trimble alliance

The arms race

Race between powers to see who could build the biggest, strongest army and navy

The black hand

Serbian Ultranationalist groups, assassinated Franz Ferdinand which led to July crisis

Western front

400 mile land that weaved through france and Belgium, fromt eh swift boarder to the north sea

Schleiffen plan

Germany wanted to do a surprise attack on france and conquer them and then swing around a immobilize their troops, this was to prevent fighting a two front war, it failed, they fought in belgium

The first stalemate

They were in dead lock, it lasted 4 years, they transformed front lines into trenches

The eastern front

Bordered by Russia, Romania, Austria-Hungary, Poland Ukraine, Latvia. The fights here crippled Austria-Hungary and diverted Germany from the western front

Total warefare

Many different fronts and tactics (land, air, water), demands all the country’s resources on the battle field and at home to support the war effort, total control of society (led women into work force)

Trench warfare

Stalemate, tech advances made the war very deadly and made the solders seek out protection from artillery

Gas attacks

Chlorine, phosgene, and mustered gas, used to end trench warfare stalemate, gasses brought on choking attacks destroying respiratory organs

War in the air

Planes were use to track troop movement, pilots didnt last long

The conscription crisis

Voluntary recruitment was failing to maintain troops so the Canadian federal government decided to conscript young men overseas as military service

Battle of somme

Bloodiest battle, first battle with tanks, allied forces had advancements into enemy territory but it still ended in stalemate

Battle of passchendaele

Bombs and rained and drowned people in these brutal conditions

Blockade

Britian locked down German and now trade could get in or out so people with left with a lack of food and clothing

Battle of Ypres

Germans attacked with gases and Canadians used pee soaked clothes to keep fighting which gained them respect

Propaganda tactics (4)

Calling opponent names, demonizing the other (making less human), makes the war look good or hide true meaning of their action, use respected symbols

Central powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Brest-Litovsk

Russia signed a treaty with central powers which ended their participation in the war

Armistice

An agreement for the cessation of two or more fighting nations, an agreement to stop fighting

crimes against humanity

Widespread or systematic attacks against a civilian population (murder, enslavement, deportation, torture, SA, kidnapping, apartheid, genocide)

Enemy aliens

Citizens who were from states that were at war with the British empire who the reside in Canada

War crimes

Willful killing, torture, or inhuman treatments causing great suffering, against civilian population or against humanitarians or peacekeepers

Treaty of Versailles

The big 3 all had goals on how they wanted to stop the war from ever happening again, they all disagreed on how to implement this. They ended up with 5 clauses: General
War guilt
Financial
Military
Territorial.
Each nation had different national interests

France and the treaty of versailles

Dressing for revenge, wanted to see Germany crippled (stripped from wealth and military) so they could never get attacked again

USA and the treaty of Versailles

Wanted peace for everyone, wanted to form the League of Nations, wanted to end arms races and militarism, and self determination for nations

Great brittian and the treaty of Versailles

Wanted justice not revenge, thought that if Germany was crippled they would also become crippled, punish germany enough but still have them be able to trade

Italy and the treaty of Versailles

They feel betrayed by the Allies, they only got some of their territory back, led to a general rise in Italian fascism

General clauses

Est of league of nations (mediations to prevent war)

War guilt clauses

Germany is to accept blame for starting the war

Financial clauses

Reparations (losing countries pay for damage in the winning countries after the war)

Military clauses

Germanys Army was reduced and tanks were not allowed, limited navy, not allowed airforce, and the Rhineland area (between Germany and France) must be kept free of German military

Territorial clauses

Germany was not allowed to unite with Austria, Germany must give Alsace Loraine (piece of land with resources) back to France

Canadas role in the treaty of Versailles

They signed the treaty as an independent country (not just a colony of Britain), this enchanted their national status