Key Concepts in Early Modern Empires, Trade, and Exploration34

Casta System

Social hierarchy in Spanish Colonies based on race.

Maroon Societies

Enslaved Africans who escaped and formed settlements in remote areas.

Jew expulsion/accpetance

portugal/spain expelled them - holocaust in 1900 ccot - religious tolerance in ottoman empire, sunni more chill

Women in ottoman

informal politcal influence contrasted with general patriarcal systems

Gunpowder Empires

Empires using gunpowder to expand.

qing

Manchu - han, art to legitimize power

Mughal Empire

Indian dynasty blended traditions of Islam and Hinduism.

ottoman

jainnesaries - army from kdnapped christans, part of devshrine, blocked trade routes

Safavid Empire

Strict Shia empire known for its expulsion and intolerance.

Religious Tolerance in Ottoman Empire

Sunni Muslims exhibited more tolerance compared to Shia.

russia

Tsar expansion to servia, western military tech

Tokugawa Shogunate

Feudal military government in Japan that ensured stability.

Sakoku

Closed country policy in Japan.

Columbian Exchange

Global transfer of plants, animals, people, and diseases.

Sugar Plantations

Crops grown for export that drove the global slave trade.

Smallpox

Disease brought by Europeans, leading to 90% Native mortality.

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion that resisted Mughal blending.

Triangle/Atlantic Slave Trade

Trade network linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

akbar religious tolerance

mughal empire w/ inclusion. ended the Jizya tax on non-Muslims, Accepted Hindu faith, and allowed them to serve in government

Protestant Reformation

Movement initiated by Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticizing Church corruption.

Jesuit Missionaries

Catholic missionaries who spread Christianity globally.

Confucian Revival

Reassertion of Confucian values in Ming China.

Joint-Stock Companies

Businesses with shared investment and risk.

Encomienda System

System granting Spanish settlers the right to extract labor from indigenous peoples.

Haciendas

Large agricultural estates using hired or coerced labor.

Global Silver Flow

Massive movement of silver from the Americas to China.

Dutch Fluyt

Efficient cargo ship used by the Dutch for large goods shipment.

Carravel

Small, fast ship for exploring, enabling Atlantic exploration.

Carrack

Large ship using lateen sails for long-distance trade.

Sternpost Rudder

Steering device at the rear of ships used to improve navigation.

cartography

Mapmaking improved age of exploration

gujaritis

Indian ocean trades from india were dominated. This is a commercial hub, facilitating both traditional maritime trade and interactions with emerging European powers

Zheng He

Chinese admiral known for his treasure ships and exploration.