BIO 213 Exam 4 Repro, Fluids, and Development

total water in an adult’s body averages at…

~40 L

infants are _____ % or more H2O

73

water content declines ~___% in old age

45

what are the two compartments separated via (cell membrane)

ECF(extracellular fluid) and ICF (intracellular fluid)

what is the term for: a substance dissolved in H2O (electrolytes and nonelec)

solute

what is the term for: disassociates in H2O forming ions which conduct electrical current

electrolytes

what is the term for: mostly organic molecules that do not always disassociate in H2O

nonelectrolytes

anion define

negatively charged ion

cation define

positively charged ion

major cation and anion of ECF

Na+ (sodium) and Cl- (chloride)

major cation and anion for ICF

K+ (potassium) and HPO4-2 (phosphate)

what pressures regulate fluid movement and mixing in and out’ve the cell

hydrostatic and osmotic

is hydrostatic push or pull force

push

is osmotic push or pull force

pull

what is the water balance

intake/output of H2O because H2O follows salt

What is the term for: typically refers to salt balance but it includes acids/bases, and some proteins

electrolyte balance

what 3 things can throw off our water and salt balances

dehydration, overhydration or edema

what is this condition: water moves out of the ECF as sweat causing osmotic pressure to rise which leads to H2O leaving the cells in an attempt to balance out salts and cells shrink

dehydration

what is this condition: excessive H2O in ECF cause ECF pressure fall cause H2O move into cells by osmosis and cells swell

describe overhydration

what is this condition: atypical accumulation of interstitial fluid which causes tissues to swell however this impairs tissue function by increasing the distance for diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from blood into cells

edema

Potassium the most abundant cation in the ICF affects what?

resting membrane potentials of neurons and muscles

Potassium balance is regulated where

in the DCT and collecting ducts by monitoring filtrate

Na content or concentration? _____ determines osmolarity (‘saltiness’) of ECF and influence excitability of neurons ____ also remains stable due to H2O shifts

Na Concentration

Na content or concentration? ____ is the total body and controls BV and BP

Na Content

what is regulated via ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and thirst mechanisms

Na concentration

ADH _____ BP

increases

Renin-Angiotensin ____ BP

decreases

what is regulated via Renein-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Na content

what is monitored with osmoreceptors

Na concentrationn

what is monitored via pressure sensors (baroreceptors)

Na contentt

Arterial blood ____ pH

7.4

Venous blood and IF have ____ pH

7.35

ICF has what pH

7.0

4 sources of H+ in body (PH-AF)

protein breakdown

H+ is liberated when CO2 is converted to bicarb in blood

anaerobic respiration

fat metabolism

what does protein breakdown release

phosphoric acid into ECF

what does fat metabolism produce

ketone bodies

what does anaerobic respiration produce

lactic acid

what 3 steps is the acid/base balance in the body regulated

chemical buffering

brainstem respiratory center

renal mechanisms

which step of regulating the acid/base balance of the body is the most fast-acting but not long lasting

chemical buffering

which step of regulating the acid/base balance of the body is slower but more powerful using the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups to inc or dec resp rate to off gas CO2 which acts as an acid

physiological buffering system using brainstem respiratory centers

which step of regulating acid base balance of the body is the most potent but requires hours to days to effect pH changes

renal mechanisms

term for pH that is too high/basic; a pH above 7.45

alkalosis

term for pH that is too low/acidic; a pH below 7.45

acidosis

what are the 3 chemical buffering systems that resist change when SA/SB is added

bicarb buffer sys

phosphate buffer sys

protein buffer sys

where does the bicarb buffer sys occur

ECF

where does the phosphate buffer sys occur

ICF

where does the protein buffer sys occur

ECF or ICF

how does the bicarb buffering system work when SA added

bicarb tie up proton to form carbonic acid

how does the bicarb buffering system work when SB added

carbonic acid disassociates and donates a proton

where is the phosphate buffer most effective? hint: its where is phosphate concentration the highest

effective buffer in urine and ICF

how does the phosphate buffering system work when SA added

protons released tie up WA

how does the phosphate buffering system work when SB added

SB converted to WB

what is the most important buffer in ICF and blood plasma

protein buffering

whats funny abt protein (chemical) buffering sys

proteins can function as acid or base

what does protein do as pH rises

the carboxyl group releases a proton

what does protein do as pH falls

the amine groups bind to H+

how does respiratory system regulated acid base balance

by eliminating CO2

CO2 unloading causes:

protons incorporated into H2O

CO2 loading causes:

protons primarily buffered by proteins

what relationship is described: by increasing resp rate and depth cause CO2 be removed cause inc. PCO2 and inc in plasma H+

respiration closely tied with blood

how do kidneys regulate acid base balance

by adjusting the amt of bicarb in blood either by conservation or excretion

conserving bicarb is done by

reabsorping or generating new bicarb

generating or reabsorbing one bicarb is the same as _____ one H+

losing

excreting one bicarb is same as _____ one H+

gaining

what is the term for: a big stash of bicarb closely regulated by kidneys so its never depleted

alkaline reserve

what two ways is new bicarb generated

excreting buffered H+ or excreting ammonium

what process is being described: protons buffered by phosphates then excreted in urine (phosphate buffering) a new bicarb generate via same process

buffered H+ generating new bicarb

what process is being described: amino acid (glutamine) go through deamination & oxidation then metabolized in PCT and spits out 2 ammonium and 3 bicarb

excreting ammonium generating new bicarb

_____ caused by failure of resp sys to perform pH balancing role

respiratory acidosis/alkalosis

______ all abnormalities other than those caused by PCO2 levels in blood

metabolic acidosis/alkalosis

metabolic acidiosis examples (dec bicarb and pH)

diabetes, shock or renal failure

metabolic alkalosis examples (inc pH and bicarb)

sodium bicarb. OD, prolonged vomiting or NG drainage

respiratory acidosis (normal bicarb dec pH)

resp. depression (drugs, CNS, trauma), COPD, or pneumonia

respiratory alkalosis (normal bicarb inc pH)

hyperventilation (emotions or pain)

primary reproductive structure (male: testis / female: ovaries)

gonads

what structure both produce & stores gametes and produces & secretes s*x hormones

gonads 2 purposes

specialzed cells for reproduction

gametes

transformation of spermatid (spermatogenic cells) into functional sperm

spermatogenesis

mitosis of spermatogonia to form 2 spermatocytes (2n)

meiosis to form 4 haploid (2) spermatids

spermiogensis to form sperm

3 steps of spermatogenesis

sperm have 3 regions

head mid-piece and tail

what is contained in the head of sperm

genetic region contains acrosome

what is contained in the midpiece of sperm

metabolic region contains mitochondria

what is the purpose of the tail of sperm

locomotion

production of gametes and sec hormones is regulated by a sequence of hormonal events involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and testes

Hypothalamic-Pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis

HPG axis involves these interacting hormones

GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone, inhibin

GnRH triggers FSH and LH release LH lead to testosterone secretion FSH lead to spermatogenesis rising testosterone cause neg feedback inhibin decreases FSH release

Hormonal regulation in males

how long does the balance between testosterone release and sperm production take to occur

3 years after puberty

which hormone is responsible for sex organ maturation, spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics, libido, ‘masculinization’ of the brain, anabolic pathways (muscles)

testosterone

females ovaries is what? ova is what?

ovaries are gonad ova is the gametes

major internal anatomical structures for female (GOVU)

greater vestibular gland

ovaries

vaginal canal

uterine tubes

greater vestibular gland function

secrete mucus for lubrication

production of female gametes (ova)

oogenesis

in the ____ period oogonia divides via mitosis to prod primary oocyte which then undergo meiosis i to prod secondary oocytes

fetal period

if sperm penetrate __________ it will undergo meiosis ii to produce ova

secondary oocyte

key differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

females take longer to produce one gamete, have less total gametes in a lifetime, and have a higher error rate

GnRH stimulates FSH and LH FSH stimulates estrogen LH stimulates thecal cells to prod androgens which are then converted to estrogens elevated estrogen inhibit FSH AND trigger LH surge triggering ovulation and corpus luteum formation CL prod progesterone and some estrogen rising estrogen adn progesterone inhibit LH and FSH release

hormonal regulation females

which hormone is responsible for: oogenesis, secondary sex characteristics, anabolism of repro tract, and metabolic effects

Estrogen

which hormone is responsible for: regulation of uterine cycle, changes in cervical mucus, and pregnancy changes

progesterone

HPG axis regulates the ____cycle

ovarian

follicular, ovulation, luteal phase

ovarian cycle