Ch 23: Nutrition and Metabolism ~ Anatomy 2 Lecture

Nutrient

A substance that provides energy and building materials of cells and tissues, and serving as cofactors for enzymes for the body

Macronutrients

Nutrients needed in large amounts (g-kg)

- carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Micronutrients

Nutrients needed in small amounts (μg-mg)

- vitamins, minerals

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water

examples of macronutrients

vitamins and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, etc.)

examples of micronutrients

Organic nutrients

Carbon-based nutrients (carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins)

Inorganic nutrients

Non-carbon-based nutrients (water, minerals)

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins

examples of organic nutrients

water and minerals

examples of inorganic nutrients

Essential nutrients

Nutrients the body cannot synthesize and must obtain from diet

Non-essential nutrients

Nutrients the body can synthesize, so don't need to be consumed

Calorie

Amount of energy in a nutrient needed to raise 1 mL of water by 1°C

4, 4, 9

Calories per gram of each nutrient:

Carbohydrates: ___

Protein: ___

Lipid: ___

a. fats

Which of the following has the highest caloric value per gram.

a. fats

b. proteins

c. sugars

d. minerals

b. 28 Calories

Given the nutrition label in Figure 23.6 (7g of protein), how many Calories come from the protein in this product?

a. 70 Calories

b. 28 Calories

c. 49 Calories

d. 140 Calories

immune system, vision, reproduction

(formation and maintenance of organs too, if you care)

functions

enzyme reactions, metabolism, brain development

Vitamin B6 functions

keeps nerves and blood cells healthy, helps make DNA

Vitamin B12 functions

antioxidant, helps make collagen (wound healing), helps immune system function properly

Vitamin C functions

health, strong bones, helps absorb calcium

(helps muscle movements and nerve signals)

Vitamin D functions

antioxidant, boosts immune system (fight bacteria and virus)

(helps widen blood vessels and keep blood from clotting)

Vitamin E functions

helps blood clotting, increases bone density

Vitamin K functions

rickets

A bone weakness disease caused by vitamin D deficiency.

🍎 CARBOHYDRATES

macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules

- proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars (single sugar units)

glucose, fructose, galactose

examples of monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides bonded together

lactose, maltose, sucrose

examples of disaccharides

2 glucoses

Maltose is composed of-

galactose and glucose

Lactose is composed of-

glucose and fructose

Sucrose is composed of-

C6H12O6

Disaccharides formula (before hydrolysis) ???

(C6H12O6 x 2) - H2O

Equation to find C,H,O for disaccharides

C12 H22 O11

How many C,H,O molecules in a disaccharide (after hydrolysis)?

(C6H12O6 x 3) - (H2O x 2)

C18 H36 O18 - H4O2

C18 H32 O16

With 3 monosaccharides, what is the total C,H,O molecules?

1 less than

the number of H2O bonds is _____ than the number of molecules

lactose intolerance

The inability to completely digest the milk sugar lactose due to low lactase enzyme in small intestine

- cramping & diarrhea caused by its breakdown in large intestin

- treat with synthetic lactase (Lactaid)

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates made of many sugar units

amylose and amylopectin

two types of polysaccharides in starch

cellulose (fiber)

The one carbohydrate you can't digest since molecules are more packed together. Found in plant cell walls.

- cows need more stomachs lol 🐄

glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

glucose, liver

glycogen is a stored form of ____ in the _____ (<-- organ)

glucogenesis

forming or producing glucose

- in this case, glucose is formed from glycogen

low, glucose

when blood sugar is _____, glucagon breaks down glycogen into ________

pancreas, liver

glucagon is produces in the _________ (organ) and travels to the _________ (organ) to tell it to break down glycogen into glucose

Carbohydrate functions

Provide energy, cell signaling, component of some vitamins, synovial fluid, and part of DNA/RNA

coating on outer cell membrane

carbohydrates help with cell signaling by forming-

glycocalyx

carbohydrates form the extracellular matrix component of ________, the external surface of a plasma membrane that is important for cell-to-cell communication

extracellular matrix

The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.

proteins and fatty acids

If carbohydrates are insufficient, ______ and ________ will be consumed, leading to ketosis

ketosis

Breakdown of fatty acids (and proteins) when carbohydrates are insufficient

- can result from diabetes mellitus

B, riboflavin

carbohydrates are components of some vitamins: Ribose sugar is used to produce __ vitamin _______

riboflavin

a B vitamin active in the body's energy-releasing mechanisms

component of DNA and RNA, Synovial fluid, Cell Signaling, Energy, Component of B-Vitamin Riboflavin

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Fiber

chemically indigestible form of glucose (carbohydrate) that aids digestion

Soluble fiber

found in plant cells broken down/fermented by bacteria in large intestine; serves as important food source that gives you "full" feeling

- ex: lettuce, pectin, xanthan gum

- Dissolves in water to gel-like and slows glucose absorption into the blood

Insoluble fiber

makes up plant cell WALLS, adds bulk to feces; not digested, but gves "laxative" benefit

- ex: corn, broccoli, (lentils? maybe not)

celery - fiber

bread - starch

strawberry - fructose

ice cream - galactose

Match the food with the main carbohydrate it provides.

galactose, starch, fiber, fructose

celery, bread, strawberry, ice cream

d. cellulose

Which of the following commonly added ingredients to some foods is not a form of soluble fiber?

a. locust bean gum

b. xanthan gum

c. fruit pectin

d. cellulose

e. carrageenan

Insulin

hormone that lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake into cells/organs that use it for fuel; liver stores glucose as glycogen (no longer free-flowing)

beta cells

insulin is released by ____ cells of the pancreas

Glucagon

Hormone that raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown into glucose in the liver

Glycogenolysis

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose

free-flowing

glucose concentration includes _________ glucose, not stored glycogen

90-100 mg/100 mL

Good fasting glucose level

a. insulin

After a physical and some blood tests, Jenny learns that her blood sugar is 125 mg/dL. Which hormone is she deficient in?

a. insulin

b. glucagon

Triglyceride

glycerol backbone chemically bonded to fatty acids

- Glycerol + three fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids

No double bonds; form straight chains of carbon that can be easily packed together so they're solid at room temperature

- has all of the hydrogens

more carbon, phosphorylation

saturated fat has ________ to be broken down into ATP during _________

ATP, fat

Excess ____ produced from saturated fat is stored as _____ in the body

arterial plaque and longer shelf life

saturated fats are tightly stacked and harder to break down, leading to- (in and out of body)

Unsaturated fatty acids

One or more double bonds with a kink in the fatty acid chain; liquid at room temperature

- takes off hydrogens (double bond O)

calories and energy

unsaturated fat is shorter due to kink, producing less _____ and _____

easier, shorter shelf life

unsaturated fats are less tightly stacked and ____ to break down in the body, leading to-

Trans fats

Hydrogenated fats developed by manufacturers to extend shelf life of foods

- increase heart disease risk (least healthy lol)

hydrogenation

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen / changing the position of hydrogen around the double bond

Phospholipids

Same as triglycerides, except the third fatty

acid tail is replaced by a phosphate group and

specific head group ; form cell membranes

- ex: soy lecithin (a.k.a. phosphatidylcholine)

amphipathic

phospholipids are _________ molecules, having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region

emulsifiers (chemical that mixes oil and water)

phospholipids are effective-

Sterols

Lipids with ring structure (e.g., cholesterol); class of steroid found naturally in plant

and animal cells

Cholesterol

non-essential nutrient; sterol used in membranes

- high levels increase heart disease risk

Plant sterols

are beneficial as they decrease cholesterol absorption from animal-based foods

Lipid functions

Energy storage, cell membranes, myelin sheath, adipose tissue as protection/insulation, hormone production, vitamin D production, absorption of fat soluble vitamins

9

lipids/fat releases __ kcals/gram

E, D, A, K (say it as ee-dahk if that helps lol)

lipids aid in the absorption of the fat soluble vitamins -

D

Lipids help produce vitamin __

the most energy (9kcal/g), cell membrane, myelin sheath, protection/cushioning, produce vitamin D, absorb fat-soluble vitamins E,D,A,K

What are the fuctions of lipids?

Atherosclerosis

Plaque buildup in arteries due to lipids

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

blood fat that transports cholesterol to organs and tissues; excess amounts result in the accumulation of fatty deposits on artery walls

<100

optimal LDL is-

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)

blood fat that helps transport cholesterol out of the arteries, thereby protecting against heart disease

≥60

optimal HDL is-

Protein

Macromolecule assembled in the cell using combinations of 20 amino acids

Amino acids

Building blocks of proteins (20 total)

Essential amino acids

Must be obtained from diet

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan

What are the essential amino acids?

Happy Interns Love Making Plans, Think Tropical Vacation

Mnemonic for essential amino acids

Non-essential amino acids

Can be synthesized/ produced by our body

Alanine

*Arginine

Asparagine

Aspartic Acid

*Cysteine

Glutamic Acid

* Glutamate

*Glycine

* Proline

Serine

*Tyrosine

What are the non-essential amino acids?