Lighting Design Final Exam

Design Lighting Concept

1. Pragmatic Concept

2. Aesthetic Concept

3. Conceptual (Thematic) Concept

Pragmatic Design Solution

• Application driven

• Performance and visual comfort

• Code & Standard Compliance

• Budget conscious

Aesthetic Design Solutions

• Uses adjective as guides

• Focus on architecture

• Visually driven

• Higher budget

Conceptual (Thematic) Design Solution

• Theme driven

• Lighting equipment serves the theme

• Even higher budget

LEDs

Light Emitting Diodes

Driver

Power suppler

Semiconductor Wafer

A thin material that is the foundation/base layer for LED microchips to go on

• usually made of sapphire, silicone, or ceramic

Solid state radiator

Lighting that uses LEDs instead of traditional filaments (incandescent) or gas to produce light

LED Components

1. Die/Chip

2. Capsule/lens

3. Heat Sink

Die/Chip

A small piece of semiconductor material that emits light when electron current passes through it

P/N junction

interface between p-type and n-type

What does ‘p’ and ‘n’ stand for drivers

• P → Positive

• N → Negative

Heat Sink

System that absorbs and radiates heat away from the LED chips into the surrounding air

LED’s White Light Methods

1. PC LEDs

2. RGBA

3. PC LEDs & Colored Lens

PC LEDs

Combination of blue LEDs with yellow phosphors to broaden the spectral power distribution

RGBA

Mixing the proper amount of light from red, green, and blue LED yield white light

• A stands for Amber

PC LEDs & Colored LEDs

Uses both phosphor converted layer and discrete monochromatic LEDs

Remote Phosphor

The phosphor conversion material is physically seperated from the blue LED chip into seperate, distinct surface

RGB vs. RGBA white light

RGB → Red, Green, Blue

RGBA → Red, Green, Blue, Amber

Warm dim

Dims from cool to warm

• mimics incandescent and candlelight

• W (PC LEDs) + Amber

Dynamic color tunning

Being able to color control temperature without affecting the brightness

• Mimic sunlight/daylight over the course of the day

• W (PC LEDs) + RGB

Binning

Quality control process; sorting to reduce color differences between LED batches according to specific criteria such as chromaticity (color) and lumen output (luminous flux, brightness)

Indication

Light meant to be seen, it does not produce enough light for visual performance task

Illumination

Produces sufficent light for use in architectural (interior & exterior) applications

LED Packaging

1. LED Assembly

2. Driver

3. Interchangeable optical gear

Mounting Types

1. Surface Mounted

2. Recessed

3. In-grade (floor)

Luminaire Distribution & Direction

1. Direct (down)

2. Indirect (Up)

3. Semi Direct (down/up)

4. Semi Indirect (up/down)

5. General diffuce (multidirectional)

Accent

a focused, decorative lighting technique used to highlight specific objects, architectural features, or areas of interes

Ceiling Mounted

fixtures, equipment, or, decorations, such as lights, speakers, or curtains, that are attached directly to or suspended from a room's ceiling

Cove

indirect lights installed throwing up into the ceiling

Wall Slot

Recessed linear fixtures, often installed at the perimeter where walls meet ceilings or as continuous grooves in walls

Downlight

A lighting fixture installed into a ceiling directing light downward

Troffer

a rectangular or square recessed lighting fixture designed to fit into a suspended T-bar grid ceiling

High/Low Bay

Commerical fixtures (high bay are higher up the ceiling and low bay are closer to the floor)

Industrial

durable, high-intensity lighting fixtures designed for demanding environments like warehouses, factories, and commercial space

Linear

a modern lighting solution using long, narrow fixtures oto create a continuous, straight line of light

(3 types: recessed, suspended, surface)

Pendant

a lighting fixture suspended from the ceiling by a cord, chain, or metal rod

Suspended

Fixtures that hang down from the ceiling via rods, cables, chains, or cords

Strip lights

consists of flexible circuit boards (LEDs)

Task light

direct, focused illumination designed for specific activities that improves visibility

Uplights

a lighting technique that positions fixtures upwards

Undercabinet

light fixtures (usually LED strips or pucks) installed beneath kitchen cabinets to illuminate countertops

Wall sconce

a type of decorative, wall-mounted light fixture, often used for ambient or accent lighting in homes and offices

Wall Washer

a lighting fixture designed to cast a smooth, even, and wide beam of light onto the wall

Wall Grazer

a technique using fixtures placed closer to a surface to highlight the textures

Wraparound

surface-mounted fixtures with a lens that wraps around the light source to distribute light uniformly in all directions

3 types of Troffer

1. Louvered Troffer

2. Lensed Troffer

3. Volumetric Troffer

Louvered Troffer

recessed lighting fixtures featuring grid-like baffles (louvers) designed to minimize glare and direct light downward

Lensed Troffer

recessed lighting fixtures with a lens designed to minimize glare and direct light downward

Volumetric Troffer

a type of recessed lighting fixture designed to fit into a suspended T-bar ceiling grid

Luminaire Components

1. Housing

2. Lamps

3. Lamp adjustment equipment (Optical components & Acessories)

4. Ballast/Driver/ Transformer

Optical Components

1. Refractors

2. Reflectors

3. Diffusers

4. Glare Shielding

Accessories

1. Lenses

2. Louvers/Baffles

3. Diffusers

4. Color filter

Louvers vs Bafflers

A louver is an open-grid pattern vs baffler is an opaque element that prevents a light source from being seen directly

Offending Zone

Direct glare that occurs between 55 and 90 degrees above the field view

Refractors

Direct light by changing the speed and therefore direction of light as it passes from one material to the next such as from air to plastic or glass.

Reflectors

accessories designed to gather, direct, and increase the density of light, enhancing efficiency by redirecting light toward a subject or area

Louvers & Bafflers

Reduce or eliminate view of lamp from very simple opaque or translucent elements to elements with compound contours

Diffusers

Scatter light and obscure the lamp image

Quality of Luminaire:

Residential: Low

Commercial: Medium/High

Specificiation: High

Photometric Report

Set of printed data describing the photometric characteristics of the luminaire both measured and derived

Candlepower Distribution

A curve, polar, that represents the variation in luminious intensity of a lamp or luminaire in a plane passing through the light center

Power curve

1. Asymmetrical Distribution

2. Symmetrical Distrribution

Symmetrical Distribution

Single curve

Asymmetrical distribution

Parallel / Perpendicular / 45 degrees

Luminaire efficency

Percentage of light output produced by the lamps that are in turn emitted by the luminaire

Spacing Criteria

Guideline for horizontal uniformity (not illuminance compliance)

Spacing Criteria equation

Spacing distance b/w luminaires = mounting height (MH) * spacing criteria

• spacing criteria is measured from the center

Distance between walls from luminaire

Distance between walls and luminaire should not exceed ½ of the light fixtures’s spacing distance

Primary reasons for lighting control:

1. Save energy (save money)

2. Change the mood / function of the space

What do lighting controls actually control?

Power (watts) * Time (hours) = energy (kilowatts)

Lighting Control Strategies

1. Scheduling

2. Task Tuning

3. Daylighting

Devices/Systems

1. On/Off

2. Dimming Control

On/off devices

1. Switches

2. Timers

3. Time Clock

4. Occupancy Sensors

Dimming Controls

1. Manual (step dimming)

2. Photosensors

Predictable Scheduling

Known occupancy pattern & Turning lights on and off at predetermined times

• Devices: Timers / Time clocks & Override Capabilities

Interval TImers

turns lights off after preset time

• short or predictable amounts of time

Unpredictable Scheduling

Turning lights on only when occupants are present

Devices: Occupancy Sensors (automatic on and off), Vacancy Sensors (manual on,

automatic off)

Technologies for occupancy sensors:

1. Passive Infrared

2. Ultrasonic

3. Microphonic

4. Dual Technology

Passive Infrared

Detects motion of infrared energy (heat) emitted by a person (does not emit any energy)

• Sensitive to medium or large body movements

• Fan-shaped" detection zones: result of the segmented lens design

• Line-of-sight" device (must have a direct view of a person)

Field of view for Passive Infrared

1. Wall switch Types (horizontal & Vertical)

2. ceiling types (conical)

Ultrasonic

Transmitter emits inaudible high frequency sound waves (25kHz - 40 kHz) and receiver detects the signal

• Sensitive to all body movements (more sensitive to small motions than infrared)

• Location of sensor relative to occupant not as important (can detect movement behind partitions)

Dual Technology

Combines two technologies into one product:

• Infrared/Ultrasonic

• Infrared/Microphonic (detects leading-edge noise only, ignoring constant noise)

  • More reliable

False positive

lights remain on even when room is unoccupied

Miss

lights are switched off even while room is occupied

Task Tuning

Adjusts light output of a luminaire or group of luminaires to light level needed for the task or mood

• Devices:

  • Dimming

  • Zone/Multi-level switching

Daylighting

Use daylight to supplement electric lighting in perimeter areas

• Dimming electric light using a photosensor to maintain a constant illuminance level

• Devices:

  • Dimming ballasts, drivers, or transformers

  • Photosensors

Dimming Photosensors

Detect the amount of light

• Sends a signal to the controller in the driver, ballast, or transformer

• Reduce or increase power to dim lamps down or up to the specified light level

• types: interior/outdoor

Sustainable Lighting

• Maximizing the use of daylighting

• Minimizing use of energy

• Avoiding skyward illumination

• Ensuring durability and maintainability

• Recycling lamps, etc

ASHRAE 90.1

• Lights total Watts in a building

• Lighting Power Distribution

Lighting Power Distributions (LPD)

W/ft²

Lighting Power Allowances (LPA)

Maximum lighting power in watts allowed for the interior

Lighting Power allowance methods:

1. Building Method

2. Space-by-Space

Building Method

Gross lighted building (area) * Light power density (LPD)

Space-by-Space Method

Area of space type * LPD for specific space types

• Sum of all allowances