CHAPTER 6: The human population and urbanization.

What are the factors that affect the increase of decrease of the population?

• Birth (fertility).

• Deaths (mortality).

• Migration.

Total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children born to the women of childbearing age in a population.

Birth Rate

The number of births per 1000 people in a given time period.

Urbanization

Creation or growth of urban areas, or cities, and their surrounding developed land

death rates

The number of deaths per 1000 people in a given time period.

• Declining over the past 100 years.

life expectancy

Average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live.

• Indicator of the overall health of people.

Migration

Movement of people into and out of specific geographic areas.

• Into: inmigration.

• out: emigration

Environmental refugees

People who leave their homes because of famine, droughts, environmental degradation.

Age structure

Number or percentage of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups in that population.

demographic transition

As countries industrialize and develop economically,
per capita income rises, poverty declines, and populations grow more slowlyrty declines, and populations grow more slowly

4 stages of demografic transition.

1. Preindustrial: population grows slowly. High birht rates, high death rates.

2. Transitional: population grows rapidly, improved food production and health. High birth rates, low death rates.

3. Industrial: pooplation grows slowly, better education, food production, and health. Low both rates and death rates.

4. Postindustrial: population growth declines as birth rates equals and then falls below death rates.

Family planning

Providing information, clinical services, and contraceptives to help people choose the number and spacing of children they want to have.

Urban Trends