Plant Science Exam 2

classified plants into different morphological forms

in 1600 BC, what did Indian writings do for botanical classification

wrote lists of plants with their pharmological uses

in 480 BC, what did Chinese writings do for botanical classification

Theophrastus

who is the father of botany

student of Aristotle that produced a list of 500 plants with names that we still use today

many medical terms are Greek because of him too

Greece 300 BC

who was Theophrastus and what did he do for botanical classification? when did he live?

wrote the Materia Medica that described medical plants that was the standard medical reference book for physicians at the time

lived 40-90 AD

what did Dioscorides do for botanical classification? when did he live?

Dioscorides

who wrote the Materia Medica

herbals

what was used during the Renaissance for botanical classification

herbals

medical plant identification and preparation books that had descriptions and colored pictures to help identify plants to be used for medicine and how to use them

Swedish botanist, zoologist, and physician that came up with the binomial naming system that we use today

1707-1778

describe who Linnaeus was and when he lived

Linnaeus

established a consistent taxonomic system that was relatively easy to use that we still use today

generic name first, italicized, capitalized

specific name next, italicized, not capitalized

author name last, not italicized, capitalized

what is the format of the scientific name of a plant

names can change over time depending on the time period because new findings can come out that change the name of the plant

why do you need to include the author at the end of a scientific name

collected samples and pressed them so that people knew what they looked like so they did not come up with two different names and relationships could be made between plant species

other than just naming plants, what else did Linnaeus do with plants to help identify them

bouquets of flowers have specific meanings depending on the flowers included in them

roses = love

four-leaf clover = luck

olive branch = peace

what is meant by the term flower language

benefits: good for small area of people, can have same name for different species or multiple names for one species

drawbacks: hard to communicate between different areas and know what you are talking about so need general scientific name too

what the benefit of having common names for plants? what about drawbacks?

morphological, physiological, and molecular evidence to put species into groups

what is modern taxonomy based on?

taxon

any taxonomic rank

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

yes, it tells us how one species is related to another one

what is the classic hierarchy of modern taxonomy? is this the best system to reflect evolutionary relationships?

convergent evolution

some species may look alike but not be evolutionary related so can lead to the wrong idea of them

what is one problem with classifying plants based solely on morphology

cladistics

using taxonomic relationships to examine evolutionary branching patterns

clade

branch of a cladogram which includes a common ancestor and all descendants

phylogenetic tree

what is this

monocots and dicots

originally thought that they were not related but found that dicots are closely related to monocots

what are angiosperms divided into? what was found out about them after genetic sequencing?

all members of a species show variation in genes

populations produce more offspring than can survive

individuals compete for resources and mates

individuals best suited to the environment pass on more genes and the population evolves

what are premises of Darwin's evolutionary theory (natural selection)

no because there is no difference in genes so there is nothing to select for

can natural selection act on a population of clones

tropical rain forests

what environment contains 70% of the world's species

250,000 total

20,000 for food

how many species of angiosperms are there, and how many are used by humans for food

wheat, rice, and corn

50% of human calories come from what three plants

goal of it is to make things uniform so that get the most yield

does not allow for diversity that could be more beneficial for the plant

how is agriculture inhibiting the future of agriculture

could end up having a remedy for a disease or be better at surviving at a later time period (could have resistance to a pest or just have a gene that makes it better equipped to survive)

why is it important to save species that have unknown value

Spirulina: cyanobacteria that is 60% protein, dehydrated to be put in products because high in protein and no taste

Dulce: red algae that is a good source of dietary fiber in Iceland

list some edible algae and their characteristics

Spirulina cyanobacteria

what is the most nutrient dense plant on earth

red plants - Red alage (marine)

brown plants - Brown algae (marine)

green plants - cyanobacteria and land plants (marine and freshwater)

what are the three main groups of photosynthetic organisms

algae

aquatic, non-vascular photosynthetic organisms that includes prokaryotes and eukaryotes

thallus which is the blade of photosynthetic cells

range from unicellular to 60 meters long

what is the basic body structure of algae

by their photosynthetic pigments

all have chlorophyll a but the others vary

how are algae primarily separated

needed to excite an electron to donate to the electron transport chain in photosynthesis

why do all algae have chlorophyll a

green algae: chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids

other groups: chlorophyll a and c, and various other accessory pigments

green algae has _________ photosynthetic pigments, but other groups have ___________.

both have chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids so that shows the relationship between them

how do we know that land plants are most closely related to green algae

photosynthetic bacteria

aka blue-green algae

some are able to fix N from the air which is important in the nitrogen cycle

prokaryotic

grow in water

vary in colonies they grow in (some balls, some chains)

describe cyanobacteria

unicellular, eukaryotic

hard cellulose plates and 2 flagella that spin through the water

can be autotrophs, mixotrophs, or heterotrophs

may contain animal toxins

can lead to reed tides

describe dinoflagellates

ornamented silica cell walls that produce diatomaceous earth

easy to identify because the silica shells remain in the ground

describe diatoms

they don't break down in rock so they can be used to find out how they have evolved and what other species have evolved with them

why are diatoms useful to paleontology

diatoms grow in specific rock

some diatoms are specific to rock that is good for oil reserves so the petroleum industry digs for oil in those areas

why are diatoms useful in the petroleum industry

have 1-2 flagella for locomotion

have a protein-containing flexible covering instead of rigid cell wall

mixotrophic

senses light with an eye spot and will move the organism toward the light

describe euglenoids

brown

are diatoms red, brown, or green algae

freshwater and marine

unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular

photosynthetic pigments are the same as land plants

have alternation of generations so probably relative to bryophytes

describe green algae

those in freshwater

what is the most diverse group of green algae

green algae that is unicellular

has one chloroplast in cell

used as biofuel because it is easy to grow in large quantities

describe chlorella

mainly marine

some have walls containing high amounts of agar and carageenans

describe red algae

food thickeners especially in tub ice cream

what are carageenans used for

calcium

coralline algae have rigid aggregations of what in their cell walls

mostly marine

Kelp is an example

important in ecosystems because provide food source and habitat

describe brown algae

provide food source and habitat especially nurseries for animals because they reduce waves

rocky coastlines like the ones in Maine

what is the importance of Kelp forests and where are they found

blades are the main photosynthetic organs

float holds it up to capture more light

holdfast attaches it to rock to anchor it

describe what Kelp looks like

water distorts wavelengths from the sun so need different pigments to capture the light

algae are found at different distances from the top of the water

wavelengths travel different distances so algae have to adapt to where they are located in the water

why have a variety of photosynthetic pigments evolved in marine algae but not in land plants

Nostoc Spirulina

what algae could have been manna

fish get them from the algae that they consume

where do omega-3 fish oils come from

Japanese sushi

red algae is used as a wrapper in what food

very easy to grow quickly unlike corn and soybeans but it is not found everywhere

what is the potential advantage for using algae as biofuel

polishing electronics

pool filters

insecticide (shells are like glass so the insect won't want to go on it)

diatomaceous earth can be used for...

toxic cyanobacteria can lead to swimming restrictions

red tides from dinoflagellates can have toxins accumulate in the shellfish

other dinoflagellates can secrete a toxin to kill fish and can cause dermatitis in humans

what are some toxicities with algae

not native

outcompete native species because they have no native predators

cause problems ecologically

what are the characteristics of an invasive species

mushrooms, yeasts, food, crop diseases, fermentation, human maladies

what are some economic uses for fungi

interactions with other organisms, decomposition, succession

what are some ecological uses for fungi

fungi

changing of ecosystems probably started with the growth of

heterotrophic

are fungi heterotrophic or autotrophic

chitin fibrils

what are the cell walls of fungi made of

exoskeletons of insects

where else is chitin found

glycogen

what is the storage carbohydrate of fungi

animal-like because have the same storage carbohydrate

are fungi more animal-like or plant-like

eukaryotic

are fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic

hyphae

single cells or filaments that make up a fungus

mycelium

bunch of hyphae

septate: have crossing cell walls to separate nuclei

nonseptate: separate nuclei but no crossing cell walls

what are the two kinds of hyphae and what is the difference between them

septate

do most fungi have septate or nonseptate cell walls

plasmogamy

fusion of the cytoplasm of two different fungi

karyogamy

fusion of haploid nuclei, resulting in one cell

dikaryon

two genetically different nuclei/cells that result when karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy

asexually or sexually

majority is asexually but sexually is important for genetic recombination

how do fungi reproduce

fungal spores that are released into the air

sexual reproduction of fungo leads to

chitridiomycota

zygomycota

ascomycota

basidiomycota

what are the four classes of fungi

parasites of plants, animals, and other fungi

chitridiomycota are typically considered what

chitridiomycota because it infects their dermal cells and reduces respirations

what class of fungi is associated with world-wide amphibian decline

no

do chitridiomycota grow as hyphae

thick-walled spore-containing zygosporangia

where did the class of zygomata fungi get their name

yes, nonseptate ones

do zygomycota grow as hyphae

bread mold

example of zygomycota fungi

asexually but can undergo sexual reproduction with plasmogamy and karyogamy

how do zygomycota fungi usually reproduce

zygomycota

what class of fungi is this

asci

each individual ascomycota spore in the ascocarp

ascocarp

place where the spores are held in ascomycota fungi

septate dikaryon undergoes karyogamy to get one nuclei

meiosis and mitosis leads to 8 ascospores

what does ascomycota fungi start as and how many spores does it end with

athlete's foot

truffles

example of ascomycota fungus

ascomycota

source of the antiobiotic penicillin

what class of fungus is penicillum and what is it's importance

ascomycota

can cause lung infections that CF and asthma patients are more susceptible to

what class of fungus is aspergillus and what is it's importance

ascomycota

causes white nose syndrome in bats where the bats that are infected wake up early from hibernation and look for insects but find none because it is winter and die

what class of fungus is Geomyces destructans and what is its importance

basidium

tiny pegs of clubs that spores grow in basidiomycota fungi

septate dikaryon undergo karyogomy and meiosis to produce 4 spores

what do basidiomycota fungus start as and how many spores does it end with

basidiospores

spores in basidiomycota