Ch. 6 part 5 Respiratory System

Negative Feedback does what

-Decreases response/parameter

-Brings body back to normal

-Always active

-Monitors physiological variables

Negative Feedback in glucose regulation

When Glucose Increases (after eating) insulin helps lower back to normal aka normoglycenia

hyperglycemia occurs when

after eating

Hypoglycemia

lower blood sugar

Hormones that causes hypoglycemia

glucagon and epinephrine

Hypoglycemia leads to

Increase blood glucose to help

Return to normal

when we eat what hapeen with Ca2+

Ca2+ goes up and then back normal aka hypocalcemia

Ca²⁺ Increases is controlled by what hormone

calcitonin

Ca²⁺ Decreases is controlled bt what hormone

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

example of needing both to maintain homeostasis

Blood sugar- insulin and glucagon r both needed

Ca2+- PTH and Calsitonic

Protein Hormones are made of

Made of amino acid chains (proteins/peptides)

smallest protein hormone

TRH

example of protein hormones

ADH

Oxytocin (OT)

Insulin (51 amino acids)

Growth hormone (190 amino acids)

location of protein hormones

-Hypothalamus

-Pituitary

-Pancreas

-Thymus

Protein hormone in heart

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Protein hormone in kidney

erythropoietin

GI tract protein hormone

GI hormones

Parathyroid gland protein hormones

Parathyroid hormone

thyroid gland protein hormones

calcitonin

Steroid Hormones are

Made from cholesterol (precursor)

Female Steroid Hormones are

Progesterone

Estrogens

Male Steroid Hormones are

Testosterone

DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

Steriod hromone examples

Vit D3,Bile Salts and Aldosterone and cortisol

Vit D3 aka

1,25-Di-OH,-cholecalcideferol

VitD3 found in

skin and kidneys

aldosterone and cortisol are found in

andrenal cortex

Biogenic Amines

Made from amino acids

Catecholamines are derived from

Tyrosine

Biogenic Amines examples

catacholamines,sertonin, histamine, melatonin

r Tyrosine-Derived hormones

Catecholamines,Thyroid hormones (T3, T4), Melanin (pigment)

Serotonin are made from

Tryptophan

Histamine made by

Made from histidine

Melatonin are from and help with

From pineal gland, induces sleep

Prostaglandins

Made from long-chain fatty acids

types of prostaglandins

PGE₁ ,PGE₂,PGD₂,PGF₂α,PGI₂ (Prostacyclin),TXA₂ (Thromboxane A₂)

PGE₁ causes

vasodilation

PGE₂ causes

Bronchoconstriction (asthma)

Vasoconstriction

PGD₂ causes

alopecia

PGF₂α causes

Breakdown of corpus luteum

PGI₂

(Prostacyclin)

Causes:

Vasodilation

Prevents clotting

TXA₂ (Thromboxane A₂)

Causes:

Vasoconstriction

Promotes blood clotting

Free (Unbound) Hormones travel how

Travel freely in blood (no carrier needed)

Free (Unbound) Hormones examples

Insulin

PTH (Parathyroid hormone)

Calcitonin

FSH

LH

T3/T4 transported by

Transthyretin

Cortisol is transported by

transcortin

Bound Hormones need what

Need Transport Proteins

Synthesis of Hormone Applies to

Peptide (protein) hormones

Synthesis of Hormones occurs

inside the cell

Synthesis of Hormones where its done

golgi complex