form

Efficiency formula

(Actual output ÷ Standard output) × 100

Productivity formula

Output ÷ Input

MAD formula

Sum of absolute errors ÷ number of periods

MSE formula

Sum of squared errors ÷ number of periods

MAPE formula

(|Actual - Forecast| ÷ Actual) × 100 averaged over periods

Mintzberg equations

Intended – Unrealised = Deliberate AND Deliberate + Emergent = Realised

Strategic management steps

Analysis, formulation, implementation, evaluation

Forecasting steps

Purpose, time horizon, method, data collection, forecast, continuous monitoring

SCM evolution stages

1960s fragmentation, 1980s consolidation, 1990s integration, 2000s value capture, 2010s automation

Seven Rights

Product, quality, time, place, supplier, price, quantity

Purchasing steps (in order)

Need → supplier → quotation → order → follow-up → receive → returns → payment → filing

10 OM decisions

Design, quality, process, layout, location, scheduling, HR, SCM, inventory, maintenance

SCM concerns

Complexity, misalignment, global competition, tech change, demand volatility

Policy levels

International, national, provincial, municipal, sectoral

Weber factors

Transport, labour, agglomeration

Urban warehouse factors

Accessibility, engineering services, physical suitability

4 OM challenges

Globalisation, Fourth Industrial Revolution, sustainability, ethics