APUSH Unit 7 Progressiveism

What progressive amendments were passed during this progressive period?

• graduated income tax

• direct election of senators

• women’s suffrage

• prohibition

What caused the new progressive movement?

• effects of industrialization

• big business (rich grow richer and the poor get poorer)

• conflict between labor and capital

• political machines

• Jim Crow laws

Who are the main three progressive presidents?

• Roosevelt

• William Howard Taft

• Woodrow Wilson

Who made up the Progressive movement?

• Protestant Church leaders, African Americans, Union leaders, feminists

• believed that big business needed to end, improve democracy, gov was the only way to make this changes, moderate reforms better than radical

What is a big difference between the populist movement and the progressive movement?

• populists- mainly farmers, rural America

• Progressives- middle class (urban)

Pragmatism

• in an actual democracy, people should experiment with ideas and reset the in action

• challenge fixed ideas that stood in the way of reform

Fredrick W. Taylor

• used a stopwatch to time factory workers

• tried to organize people in the most efficient manner

• created the scientific management system

Scientific Management system

• Taylorism

• some progressives believed that the gov could be made more efficient if placed in the hands of experts and scientific managers

Henry Demarest Lloyd

• muckraker

• attacked Standard Oil and railroads

• exposed the corruption

Lincoln Steffens

• investigated corruption and published his findings in magazines

• the shame of the cities

Ida Tarbell

• History of Standard Oil

• exposed their corrupt practices

Jacob Riis

• how the other half lives

• focused on tenement reform

Theodore Dreiser

• portrayed the ruthlessness of industrialists

Upton Sinclair

• wrote the Jungle

• exposed the unsanitary practices of the meat industry

Why did muckraking decline after 1910?

• writers couldn't top the sensationalism of the last story

• facing economic pressures from banks to tone down their treatment of business

• public relations were being created in businesses

What is a cornerstone of Progressive ideology?

• efficient government

• some advocated for immigration restrictions because of the influence of political machines on immigrants

• some opposed restrictions because they believed that they would vote honestly if given the chance

• wanted increased participation in decision making (political)

secret ballot

• political parties could plainly see who people voted for and intimidate them

• a secret ballot decreased coercion

• also called Australian ballot

Direct Primaries

• usually political parties would choose who runs for state and federal officies

• Robert LaFollette introduced direct primaries

• voters could now directly vote for who they wanted to run

• effectiveness was limited

direct election of senators

• people could now directly vote for senators

• 17th amendment

initiative

• voters could compel legislatures to consider a law

referendum

• citizens can vote on proposed laws

recall

• voters could remove corrupt politicans for office

muncipal reforms

• reforming of city bosses and their corrupt alliances with local businesses

• included free kindergartens, night schools, public playgrounds (Sam Jones)

• fought for public ownership of the city’s public services and utilities

Controlling public utilities

• seeking to break the power of city bosses

• taking utilities out of the hands of private companies (corrupt)

• cities began to own their water systems and other things like transportation systems

Commission Plan

• voters elect the heads of city departments (police, etc) instead of the mayor handling all that

• Texas the first to implement this (municipal government)

Manager council plan

• first tried in Ohio

• city council hired an expert manager to direct the work of various departments

• another form of municipal gov

Charles Evan Hughes

• reform governor

• fought against fraudulent insurance companies

Wisconsin Idea

• series of progressive measures

• direct primary, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions (monitored railroads, businesses, and utilities)

Drys vs Wets

• drys- for prohibition (usually rural and thought they could clean up the morals of people)

• wets- against prohibition

National Child Labor Committee

• proposed state child labor laws

• compulsory school attendance- most effective at stopping child labor

Florence Kelley

• apart of the National Consumers league

• organized to protect women from long working hours

Lochner vs. New York

• SC ruled against a law limiting workers to a ten hour workday

Muller vs. Orgeon

Sc ruled that women needed special protection from long hours

Impact of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

• sparked great women’s activism

• pushed laws to improve safety and working conditions in factories

• efforts to protect women in the workplace kept them out of demanding jobs but also higher paying ones (kept them unequal men)

The Square Deal

• instead of favoring businesses or workers Roosevelt didn’t take a side

• believe in a square deal for both

Coal strike under Roosevelt

• coal miners went on strike —> American feared freezing to death

• Roosevelt acted as a mediator between the coal owners and the workers

What was Roosevelt’s policy on trusts?

• known as a trust buster

• made a distinction between good and bad trusts

• went after standard oil

Elkins Act

• the insterstate commissions act got greater authority to stop railroads from granting special prices to certain customers

Hepburn Act

• the commission could fix reasonable rates for railroads

Impact of the Jungle by Upton Sinclair

• creation of the Pure Food and Drug Act

• meat inspection act - inspectors have to inspect meat packing plants to ensure that they are sanitary

Roosevelt and Conservation

• enthusist of the outdoors

• set aside millions of acres of land as national reserves

• New lands Reclamation Act- money from the sale of public lands for irrigation projects in the west

Gifford Pinochet

• national conservation commission

Taft’s economic policies

• trustbuster

• attacked US steel which Roosevelt approved —> Roosevelt angry at Taft

Mann-Elkins Act

• gave ICC the power to suspend railroad rates and to oversee telephone/telehgraph companies

16th amendment

• authorized income tax

Why did the republican party split?

• Taft fired Gifford Pinchot

• progressives accused Taft of betraying their cause and leaning more conservative

• the payne-aldrich tariff signed by Taft (more conservative)

• split between conservative (Taft) and progressive (Roosevelt)

Eugene Debs

• socialist party

• public ownership of railroads and industries and more rights for laborers

• gained millions of votes in the presidential election (didn’t win)

Bull Moose Party

• Roosevelt’s new party in next election

• more progressive republicans

• Woodrow Wilson was nominated because Rep were split

New nationalism

• Roosevelt’s campaign

• more gov regulation of business and unions, social welfare programs, and women’s suffrage

New Freedom

• Wilson’s campaign (dem)

• limiting big business and gov, end corruption, pro-small businesses

Underwood Tariff

• under Wilson

• lowered tariffs significantly

• included a graduated income tax

Wilson’s view on banking/money?

• banks were too influenced by stock people on wall street

• gold standard was inflexible

Federal Reserve Act

• national banking system with 12 district banks supervised by the federal reserve board

• designed to provide stability by regulating interest rates and money reserves

Federal Trade Commission

• investigative and taking action against any unfair trade practice

• designed to protect consumers

Clayton Anti-trust act

• strengthened the Sherman Ant-trust act

• contained a clause that exempted unions from being prosecuted under this act

federal farm loan act

• create 1 federal farm loan banks to provide loans with low interest

Child Labor act

• banned the shipment of goods manufactured by children under 14 years old

• SC found this unconsitional

African Americans in the Progressive era

• largely ignored by progressives

• some supported segregation and ignored lynching

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

• mission was to abolish segregation and increase educational oppurtunites

National Urban League

• help people migrating from the south to adjust to northern cities

• emphasized self reliance and economic advancement

Newer wave of feminism

• Carrie Chapman Cat (more morederate) - National American Woman Suffrage Association ((NAWSA)- winning votes at the state level

• Alice Paul (radical)- National Woman’s Party (NWP)- wanted an amendment

19th amendment

• gave women the right to vote

League of Women Voters

• create by Carrie Cat

• designed to keep women voters informed on candidates and issues

Margaret Sanger

• advocated for birth control

• developed into planned parenthood