PCB W1-2

Nucleic acids

store, transmit, and express genetic information

DNA

is deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA

is ribonucleic acid

Nucleotides

DNA and RNA are linear polymers of these

5 to 3

nucleotide sequences are conventionally written in this direction

Template

molecule used to ensure new nucleotides are added in the correct order

Single

RNA is normally this stranded

Polysaccharides

long chain polymers of sugar and sugar derivatives

Pentoses

ribose and deoxyribose are these

Hexoses

glucose, galactose, and fructose are these

Glycosidic

bond formed between two monosaccharides by elimination of water

Maltose

α-2 glucose

Lactose

β-1 glucose and 1 galactose

Sucrose

α-1 glucose and 1 fructose

Starch

most familiar storage polysaccharide in plant cells

Glycogen

most familiar storage polysaccharide in animal cells

1 and 4

carbons involved in storage polysaccharide glycosidic bonds

Starches

amylose and amylopectin are these

Microfibrils

cellulose aggregates into these rigid linear rods

Hydrophobic

nature of lipids

Amphipathic

groups with both polar and nonpolar regions

Fatty acid

long amphipathic unbranched hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group at one end

L-amino

conformation all amino acids in the human body follow

Peptide bonds, dehydration reactions

amino acids are linked through these created by these

N to C

direction polypeptides are read/written

Covalent and noncovalent

bonds required for protein conformation

Silk

fibroin creates this

Hair

keratin is the primary component of this

Phosphate group

component responsible for the “acidic” part of nucleic acids

Nucleoside monophosphate

nucleoside with one phosphate group

Nucleic acids

linear polymers of nucleotides linked by 3’-5’ phosphodiester bridges

Oligosaccharides

short polymers

Carbons

sugars are named based on the number of these

Starch and glycogen

α-D-glucose is the repeating unit of these

Cellulose

β-D-glucose is the repeating unit of this

Unbranched

amylose

Branched

amylopectin

Branched

glycogen

Bacterial polysaccharides

components of gram-negative bacterial cell walls

Chitin

chemical that provides toughness and flexibility in insect skeletons

Starch

forms loose helices that are not highly ordered

Glycolipid

lipid with a carbohydrate attached instead of a phospholipid

Glycosphingolipids

derivatives glycolipids are often made from

Hydrocarbon skeleton

four-ringed structure steroids are derived from

Cholesterol

common building block for steroids

Signaling molecules

function of steroid hormones

Estradiol

feminization hormone

Testosterone

masculinization hormone

Cortisol

gluconeogenesis hormone

Aldosterone

ion reabsorption hormone

Higher

temperature that causes faster reaction rate

Activation

energy lowered by catalysts

Ribozymes

RNA molecules with catalytic activity