Bio Final

______ help to maintain pH levels.

Buffers

The backbone structure of a polypeptide is made of ______ and/or _______ with __ _____ attached.

nitrogen, carbon, R groups

Energy in biochemistry is capacity for change in _________ _________.

chemical composition

• C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ —> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

  • What’s being reduced?

  • What’s being oxidized?

  • Reducing agent?

  • Oxidizing agent?

O₂, glucose, glucose, O₂

In the complete glycolysis pathway, for every 1 mole of glucose, ______ moles of ATP are made. (Hint: the net total of ATP)

2

In glycolysis, for every 1 mole of glucose, _____ moles of NADH are made.

2

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

What type of regulation does this describe: When an activator or inhibitor binds to a non-active site which regulates if the enzyme is in the "on" or "off" conformation

Allosteric

Anabolic reactions ______ energy and are therefore ________.

require; endergonic

More access to ______ means the molecule is more ________.

hydrogens, reduced

______ is the first catabolic pathway in glucose oxidation.

Glycolysis

An individual is going on a run and their muscle cells run out of oxygen. To generate enough ATP for muscle contractions, muscle cells will rely on ______ and _______. After the individual has finished running, muscle cells have enough oxygen and will convert ______ into _______.and resume the citric acid cycle.

glycolysis, fermentation, lactate, pyruvate

An individual would need to eat more frequently to maintain proper glucose levels if they can’t synthesize the polysaccharide _______.

glycogen

Primary structure only contains _______ bonds in amino acids.

covalent

Alpha helices are a form of _______ structure.

secondary

In DNA, A matches with ___ and C matches with ___, and U replaces ___.

T, G, T

5’-TGCGTCATC-3’ is the template strand, name the other 2 strands

Coding: 3’-ACGCAGTAG-5’

mRNA: 3’-ACGCAGUAG-5’

Equation to solve for pH

pH = -log[H+]

What are some polar bonds carbon is involved in?

CO, CN

What are some nonpolar bonds carbon is involved in?

CH, C₂

What are some polar bonds oxygen is involved in?

CO, OH, ON, PO

Is NH polar or nonpolar?

Polar

________ fats have a double bond leading to a _____ shape and are ______ at room temp.

Unsaturated, bent, liquid

_________ forces are between molecules while _________ forces are inside molecules.

Intermolecular, intramolecular

Bonds between glycerol and fatty acids are called ______ bonds.

ester

_________ bonds link a nucleotide with another nucleotide

Phosphodiester

Fatty acids and glycerol undergo a _________ reaction to form a _________.

condensation, triglyceride

In neurospora, each _____ encodes for one _______.

gene, polypeptide

Methyl is written as ______

CH₃

Keto group is written as _____

CO

Carbon is double bonded with oxygen in aldehyde and carboxyl but what’s the difference between the two functional groups?

It’s bonded with hydrogen in aldehyde and OH in carboxyl.

Daughter chromosomes are formed in ________ of mitosis.

anaphase

The spindle is attached to the kinetochores in __________ of mitosis.

prometaphase

The cell that releases and receives the signal uses _______ signaling.

autocrine

Cells exchanging signals while in physical contact with each other use ________ signaling.

juxtacrine

Nearby cells not physically touching use _______ signaling

paracrine

________ is what keeps the sister chromatids together until anaphase.

Cohesin

T or F: Prokaryotes divide only when conditions are favorable and don’t rely on signals.

True

An individual with the genotype EeAa will form what gametes?

EA, Ea, eA, ea

Plant cells use ______ in cytokinesis as a precursor to the _______.

vesicles, cell wall

_____ is made by adenylyl cyclase in the cell membrane

cAMP

Adenylyl cyclase turns ____ into cAMP

ATP

__________ remove phosphate groups when regulating signal transduction

Phosphatases

_____ convert GTP to GDP when regulating signal transduction

GTPases

_________ convert cAMP to AMP when regulating signal transduction

Phosphodiesterases

Spindles are made of _______

microtubules

What amplifies signals between receptors and target molecules?

second messengers

Each kinase activates how many additional proteins in amplification?

Two

The p21 protein prevents cyclins from binding to CDK, which therefore cannot phosphorylate RB. What happens as a result?

The cell cycle is stopped

Homologous pairs exchange genetic material in _______

Prophase I

What does the S phase checkpoint check for?

Errors/damage in DNA replication

________ is when one or more chromosome is missing or present in excess.

Aneuploidy

What phase has the checkpoint for required materials for cell division?

G2 phase

What phase has the checkpoint checking if the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the microtubules?

M phase

Are gametes haploid or diploid? Are zygotes haploid or diploid?

haploid, diploid

What phase is short and is when the cell prepares for the M phase?

G2 phase

The spindles form after the ______ separate.

centrosomes

The _____ forms on the centromere of the chromosome and is where the spindle attaches.

kinetochore

In animal cell cytokinesis, a ________ forms which cinches the cytoplasm between the nuclei.

contractile ring

RNA has a _____ molecule at the 2’ carbon while DNA has ____ at the 2’ carbon.

OH, H

The nitrogenous base of the DNA molecule is at the ____ carbon.

1’

The phosphate group attaches to the ____ carbon of a DNA molecule.

5’

The next nucleotide is added at the ____ carbon.

3’

ATP in glycolysis is produced through ________ _______ phosphorylation.

substrate level

Change in entropy ___ 0 and change in enthalpy ____ 0 = always spontaneous

>, <

Change in entropy ___ 0 and change in enthalpy ___ 0 = Spontaneous at low temperatures

<,<

True or false: Complex II contributes to the H+ gradient.

False

Fatty acids are broken down via _____ ___________ where NAD+ and FAD are _______.

beta oxidation, reduced

T or F: The amount of energy in glucose bonds is less than the 32 moles of ATP produced in glucose catabolism.

False

Glycolysis produces a net ____ ATP.

2

________ bonds form between amino acids in a peptide chain.

Peptide

mRNA is made in the ________.

nucleus

If a cell goes to an endomembrane organelle or cell membrane it’s made in the _______ and if it goes to another organelle it’s made in the __________.

rough ER, cytoplasm

Proteins going to the nucleus have what kind of signal sequence?

Nuclear localization signal (NLS)

Where in the cell is RNA made?

Nucleus

Change in free energy equation

Change in enthalpy - (temperature x change in entropy)

Proteins start and end at what terminus’

N-terminus, C-terminus

_________ structure involves bonds between R groups in the same polypeptide chain.

Tertiary

A disulfide bridge between two polypeptide chains is an example of what structure?

Quaternary structure

The extracellular matrix is made up of _____

Proteins and proteoglycans

The ______ ______ gives structure to the nucleus.

nuclear lamina

_______ ______ and ________ _______ are permanently bound to the enzyme while ________ are only bound during the reaction

prosthetic groups, inorganic cofactors, coenzymes

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

What process uses ATP but later has a net gain in ATP?

Glycolysis

When a phosphate is removed from something in the glycolysis pathway, what is produced?

ATP

When something in the glycolysis pathway is phosphorylated, what is usually used?

ATP

Glycolysis net outputs

• 2 ______

• 2 ______

• 2 ______

pyruvate, ATP, NADH

The citric acid cycle takes place where in the cell?

Mitochondrial matrix

Citric acid cycle net outputs

• 4 ______

• 6 ______

• 2 ______

• 2 ______

CO₂, NADH, FADH_2, ATP

Pyruvate gets oxidized into ________

Acetyl CoA

If NAD+ is the oxidizing agent in pyruvate oxidation, what are the outputs?

2 Acetyl CoA and 2 NADH

Sister chromatids vs. daughter chromosomes

Anabolic reactions are ______ _____ while catabolic reactions are ________ ______.

breaking down, building up

What are the two pathways for electrons in the ETC complexes?

• I—>III—→IV

• II—>III—>IV

Is the trait dominant or recessive?

Recessive

Glucose to pyruvate is _________

Glycolysis

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA is ___________

pyruvate oxidation

Glucose catabolism goes in the following direction:

Glucose—>_______——>Acetyl CoA—→________

pyruvate, ETC

What is between acetyl CoA and ETC in glucose catabolism?

Citric acid cycle

T or F: Fermentation is used as a way to produce ATP

False