osteology & arthrology of the head and neck

cranium

skeleton of the head

neurocranium

bony case of the brain, including cranial menings

singular bones (neurocranium)

frontal, ethmoid, sphenoidal, and occipital

paired bones (neurocranium)

temporal and parietal

calvaria

dome-like roof of the neurocranium (skullcap)

cranial base

floor of the neurocranium

what makes the neurocranium?

singular bones, paired bones, calvaria, cranial base

viscerocranium

anterior part of cranium

singular bones (viscerocranium)

mandible, ethmoid, and vomer

paired bones (viscerocranium)

maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, and lacrimal

what makes the viserocranium?

singular bones and paired bones

fontanel

unossified area in the infant cranium

suture

fibrous joint between cranial bones

air sinuses

pneumatized bones: contain air space that increase with age

frontal bone

skeleton of forehead and superior margin of the roof of the orbit

glabella

smooth, slightly depressed area between the superciliary arches

superciliary arches

ridge extending on each side of the glabella. typically greater in males

supraorbital margin

angular boundary between squamous (flat) and orbital parts

supraorbital foramen

located in the supraorbital margin

what makes up the frontal bone?

glabella, superciliary, supraorbital margin, supraorbital foramen

zygomatic bones

form prominence of cheeks, lie inferolateral to orbits, and rest on maxillae

zygomaticofacial foramen

on facial side

zygomaticotemporal foramen

on temporal side

what makes up the zygomatic bones?

zygomaticofacial foramen and zygomaticotemporal foramen

cadaver correlate

supraorbital nerve on top of probe after locating the supraorbital foramen or notch

orbit

quadrangular pyramid, with base anteriorly, apex posteriorly, and 4 walls

lacrimal bone

contribute to medial wall. contains fossa for lacrimal sac

orbital plate of ethmoid bone (lamina papyracea)

posterior to the lacrimal bone, very thin bone. contribute to medial wall

frontal bone

contribute to superior wall (roof)

sphenoid bone have

greater wing contribute to lateral wall, while lesser wing contribute to superior wall near the apex

optical canal

through the lesser wing

orbital process of palatine bone

contribute slightly to apex

zygomatic bone

contribute significantly to lateral wall

maxilla

contribute significantly to inferior wall

superior orbital fissure

located between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid

inferior orbital fissure

between maxilla, zygomatic, and greater wing of the sphenoid

infraorbital groove

depression on the orbital surface of the maxilla

cadaver correlate

infraorbital nerve on top of probe after locating the infraorbital foramen

what makes up the naval cavity?

nasal bones, piriform aperture, nasal septum, nasal conchae

nasal bones

lies over ridge of nose, make up the base of the nose

piriform aperture

pear-shaped anterior opening of the nose in the cranium

nasal septum

perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer

nasal conchae

curvy bony plates on the lateral wall of each nasal cavity

parts of the nasal conchae

inferior: an individual bone

middle and superior: part of the ethmoid bone

maxillae

form upper jaw and is the surrounding bone for maxillary teeth

alveolar processes

tooth sockets (alveoli)

infraorbital foramen

inferior to each orbit

zygomatic process

articulates with zygomatic bone

maxillary tuberosity

posterior on maxilla, behind last tooth. most prominent after growth of wisdom tooth

what makes up the maxillae?

alveolar processes, infraorbital foramen, zygomatic process, maxillary tuberosity

mandibule

u-shaped that supports the mandibular teeth

body of mandible

horizontal part

ramus of the mandible

vertical part

angle of mandible

union of body & ramus

mental protuberance

forms prominence of chin

mental foramen

on the outside of the body

coronoid process

anterior to condylar process

mandibular notch

between coronoid & condylar processes

condylar process

inserts into mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the TMJ

alveolar processes of mandible

house the lower teeth

interalveolar septa

bony partitions separating tooth sockets

mental spine

site of attachment for muscles

mandibular foramen

next to and guarded by the lingula

lingula

spinous process protecting the mandibular foramen and the nerve

cadaver correlate

mental nerve on top of probe found after locating the mental foramen

parietal

superior & lateral part of neurocranium

temporal

lies inferior to parietal bones on both sides

what makes up the temporal bone?

squamous part, zygomatic process, external auditory meatus, mastoid process, styloid process, articular process

squamous part

anterior and upper part, contributes to temporal fossa

zygomatic process

forms part of zygomatic arch

external auditory meatus

external ear opening

mastoid process

posteroinferior to external acoustic meatus opening

styloid process

anteromedial to mastoid process

articular tubercle

front boundary of mandibular fossa

zygomatic arch

formed by the zygomatic process (temporal bone) and temporal process (zygomatic bone)

greater wing of sphenoid bone

anterior to temporal bone and inferior to frontal

pterion

weak area of bone junctions

temporal fossa

muscle filled space

infratemporal fossa

medial to the ramus of the mandible and the zygomatic arch

sphenoid bone

infratemporal crest and lateral pterygoid plate

pterygomaxillary fissure

connects infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa

pterygopalatine fossa

pyramidal space, medial to pterygomaxillary fissure

sphenopalatine foramen

opening on medial wall of pterygopalatine fossa, leading to nasal cavity

inferior orbital fissure

communicates the infratemporal fossa with the orbit

coronal suture

separates frontal and parietal bones

sagittal suture

separates parietal bones

lambdoid suture

separates parietal and temporal bones from occipital bone

what makes up the occipital bone?

external occipital protuberance, external occipital crest, superior nuchal line, inferior nuchal line

external occipital protuberance

muscle and ligament attachment

external occipital crest

extends medially from external occipital protuberance to foramen magnum

superior nuchal line

extends laterally from external occipital protuberance. marks the superior limit of neck posteriorly

inferior nuchal line

anterior to superior nuchal line and posterior to posterior rim of foramen magnum

occipital bone

most posterior bone

foramen magnum (FM)

transition point between brain and spinal cord

occipital condyles

protuberances on each side of FM. articulates cranium with vertebral column

condylar fossa

depression posterior to FM and containing the condylar canal

condylar canal

contained in the condylar fossa

hypoglossal canal

anterior to occipital condyles

basilar part of occipital bone

entends forward from the FM

pharyngeal tubercle

eminence on basilar part. attachment for pharyngeal wall