DISACCHARIDES, POLYSACCHARIDE, ETC...

What is a disaccharide?

A disaccharide is a double sugar made by joining two monosaccharides.

How are disaccharides formed?

By removing a water molecule through a process called condensation.

What type of bond connects monosaccharides in disaccharides?

A glycosidic bond.

Name common disaccharides.

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

What are the components of sucrose?

Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose.

What is maltose composed of?

Maltose is composed of two glucose molecules.

Lactose is made of which sugars?

Lactose is made of galactose and glucose.

What are polysaccharides?

Complex carbohydrates composed of many sugar monomers linked together.

What is an example of a polysaccharide in plants?

Starch.

Where is starch stored in plant cells?

Starch is stored for energy.

What are major sources of starch in the human diet?

Potatoes and grains.

What is glycogen?

Glycogen is an example of a polysaccharide in animals.

How do animals store excess sugar?

In the form of glycogen.

What is cellulose?

The most abundant organic compound on Earth, forming cable-like fibrils in plant walls.

What is cellulose known as?

Dietary fiber.

Can most animals derive nutrition from fiber?

No, most cannot, but they have bacteria that can break down cellulose.

How do simple sugars and double sugars behave in water?

They dissolve readily in water due to their hydrophilic nature.

What makes simple sugars water soluble?

The OH groups present in their structure.

What are lipids?

Hydrophobic molecules that do not mix with water, including fats, waxes, steroids, and oils.

What are the functions of fats?

They store energy, insulate the body, and cushion/protect organs.

What defines saturated fatty acids?

They have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons with all single bonds.

What characterizes unsaturated fatty acids?

They have less than the maximum number of hydrogens due to the presence of double bonds between carbons.

What are triglycerides composed of?

Glycerol and three fatty acid chains.

What forms the backbone of triglycerides?

Glycerol.

What is the state of most animal fats at room temperature?

They exist as solids, often high in saturated fatty acids.

What is the state of most plant oils at room temperature?

They exist as liquids and are low in saturated fatty acids.

What is dietary fat primarily composed of?

Triglycerides composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.

What links fatty acids to glycerol in fats?

Condensation reactions.

What types of lipids make up cell membranes?

Phospholipids.

What part of phospholipids attracts water?

The polar head, which is hydrophilic.

What are the tails of phospholipids like?

They are nonpolar and hydrophobic, not attracting water.

What is the structure of steroids?

They have a carbon skeleton that is bent to form four fused rings.

What is cholesterol in relation to steroids?

Cholesterol is the base steroid from which other steroids are produced.

Name two steroids derived from cholesterol.

Estrogen and testosterone.

What are synthetic anabolic steroids?

Variants of testosterone used by some athletes to build muscle quickly.

What risks do synthetic anabolic steroids pose?

They can pose serious health risks.

What type of bond forms between the sugars in disaccharides?

A glycosidic bond.

What is formed when two monosaccharides join together?

A disaccharide.

What is dietary cellulose particularly known for?

It is a major component of wood and dietary fiber.

Why are lipids considered hydrophobic?

Because they do not mix with water.

What process occurs during the formation of a disaccharide that involves water?

Condensation.

What type of carbohydrate is starch classified as?

A polysaccharide.

What do we call the process of linking fatty acids to glycerol?

Condensation.

What do triglycerides primarily consist of?

Glycerol and fatty acids.

What is the primary function of glycogen in animals?

To store excess sugar.

Which sugar forms the backbone of triglycerides?

Glycerol.

Which type of carbohydrates are simple sugars classified as?

Monosaccharides.

What are the dietary implications of cellulose for most animals?

They cannot derive nutrition from it but can break it down with microbial help.

What are the main elements in lipids?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

In what form do most plant oils exist at room temperature?

As liquids.

What is the predominant type of fat found in animal products?

Saturated fats.

How does a phospholipid structure contribute to cell membrane function?

The hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails create a barrier that controls the flow of substances.

Which type of fatty acid tends to be solid at room temperature?

Saturated fatty acids.

What are the three types of molecules included in lipids?

Fats, waxes, and steroids.