Nutrition Intro and Energy Balance

Caloric value of carbohydrates

4 kcal per gram

Caloric value of protein

4 kcal per gram

Caloric value of fat

9 kcal per gram

Caloric value of alcohol

7 kcal per gram

Prolonged fast energy state

Ketone production increases

Components of total energy expenditure

Resting energy expenditure (REE), thermic effect of food (TEF), activity energy expenditure (AEE)

Factors increasing Resting Energy Expenditure

Growth, pregnancy, lactation, fever, sepsis, hyperthyroidism

Factors decreasing Resting Energy Expenditure

Aging, fasting, hypothermia, hypothyroidism

High‑protein diet effect on Thermic Effect of Food

Increases energy expenditure due to higher digestion cost

Protein‑sparing effect

Glucose and amino acids reduce muscle breakdown in catabolic states

Clinical consequences of malnutrition

Poor wound healing, increased infection risk, chemotherapy toxicity, growth failure