HESI A2 Biology

In the hierarchic system of classification which is the least inclusive?

Species

After observing an event, you develop an explanation this is:

Hypothesis

A molecule of water is bonded with another molecule of water by what type of bond?

Hydrogen

Which is a benefit of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of water:

1- Water has a relatively high specific heat value.

2- Water has strong cohesive and adhesive properties.

3- Polarity of water allows it to act as a versatile solvent.

Of all molecules that are significant to biology which are considered important:

nucleic acids

Lipids are better known as fats but what are they specifically?

Fatty acids, phospholipids, steroids

What are the 2 categories of fatty acids?

saturated fats and unsaturated fats

How do phospholipids function in cells?

They are integral components of plasma membrane

Which of the biologic molecules are considered the most significant contributor to cellular function?

Proteins

Proteins are polymers of which?

Amino Acids

Which of the following proteins catalyze different reactions or processes?

Enzyme

Which of the biologic molecules are components of the molecules of inheritance?

Nucleic Acids

What is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism?

Metabolism

In a cell, reactions take place in a series of steps called:

Metabolic pathways

What is the fundamental unit of biology?

Cell

Which type of cell contains no defined nucleus?

Prokaryotic cell

What is the primary purpose of the flagella on the surface of cells?

movement of the cell

Which cell organelle functions to transport materials from the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell?

Golgi apparatus

Which are the distant organelles that produce cell energy?

Mitochondrion and chlorophast

Which component of the cell contributes to the protection, communication, and passage of substances into and out of the cell?

Cell Membrane

The Cell Membrane consists of a bilayer of phospholipids which proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins. The bilayer creates a hydrophobic region between two layers of lipids, making it what:

Selectively permeable

What are 2 catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production?

Fermentation and Cellular respiration

What is the first step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate?

Glycolysis

Which step in cellular respiration yields the greatest amount of ATP?

Krebs Cycle

During cell respiration, the conversion of glucose results in an overall production of how many ATP molecules?

32-36

What is the function of water in photosynthesis?

Supply electrons in the light reactions

Cells produce by different process, all of which fall into what 2 categories?

Sexual reproduction and Asexual reproduction

Which describes how a bacterium reproduces:

Binary fission

Regarding mitosis and cytokinesis, one difference between higher plants and animals is that in plants:

A cell plate begins to form at telophase

During which of the cell reproduction does the cell divide forming 2 separate identical cells?

Cytokinesis

How does Meiosis differ from Mitosis?

In Meiosis each of the daughter cells contain half as many chromosomes as the parent.

At which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

A cell division occurs in a human the resulting cell contains 23 chromosomes. This is a description of gametes formed by which phase?

Meiosis

If you wanted to determine the probability of a genotype, what would you use?

Punnett Square

Which describes the appearance of the organism?

Phenotype

What is the probability that a recessive trait would be expressed in offspring if two parents are both heterozygous for the desired trait were crossed?

25%

Because genetics is the study of heredity, many human disorders can be determined by studying a person's chromosomes or by creating what?

Pedigree

Why is DNA important for metabolic activities of the cell?

It controls the synthesis and enzymes

During protein synthesis what process uses a RNA strand to produce a complementary strand of DNA?

Transcription

During the process of transcription, a sequence of RNA is generated in which the RNA base cytosine is inserted complementary to the DNA base Guanine. Which RNA base is inserted complementary to the DNA base Thymine?

Adenine

Why is polarity the most important characteristic of water?

hydrogen bonding.

A high specific heat value.

It's versatile solvent properties.

Athletes are often concerned with the question of what they need in their diets to increase muscle mass and strength. What biologic molecule would you recommend?

Proteins

Which organelle would you expect to be present in a cell responsible for detoxifying multiple molecules?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulm

A cell from the heart muscle would more than likely contain an unusually high proportion of what?

Mitochondria

Which part of cellular respiration produces the greatest amount of ATP?

Electron transport chain

Which is true about the Krebs Cycle and the Calvin Cycle:

Both result in a net production of ATP and NADH

Why is it important for cells to undergo Mitosis?

Mitosis produces cells for growth and repair of body tissue.

72 chromosomes undergo meiosis. How many chromosomes will be in each gamete?

36

Which shows how information is transformed to make a protein?

DNA-RNA Protein