evo divo exam 4 - arthropoda, echinodermata, chordata

3 characteristics of arthopoda

chitinous exoskeleton, segmented bodies, jointed appendages

3 segments of arthropods

head, thorax, abdomen

chelicerae

first pair of appendages or mouth parts that function as jaws, pincers, or fangs

pedipalps

second pair of appendages that are used for grasping and feeling

carapace

a bony or chitinous case or shield covering the back of an animal

telson

the hindmost segment of the body used to right oneself, defense, prey capture, and propulsion

cheliped

specialized, claw-bearing leg modified for defense, feeding, burrowing, and mating

brood pouch

a pouch in which the eggs are protected before hatching

uropods

the sixth and last apair of abdominal apendages, forming part of the tail fan in malacostraca

mandible

jaw-like structures used for crushing and grinding food

prothorax

the anterior segment of the thorax, not bearing any wings

mesothorax

the middle section of the thorax, bearing the forewings or elytra

metathorax

the posterior segment of the thorax, bearing the hind wings

spiracle

external respiratory openings that open and close like stomata’s guard cells and lead to the tracheal system

typanum

the ear drum or middle ear cavity

characteristics of chelicerata

have chelicerae, cephalothorax and abdomen, 4 pair of walking legs attached to cephalothorax

spider, arachnida, chelicerata, arthropoda

horseshoe crab, merostomata, chelicerata, arthropoda

characteristics of myriapoda

single-branched appendages, head and segmented trunk, first appendages are antennae, then mandibulate mouthparts,

centipede, chilopoda, myriapoda, arthropoda

millipede, diplopoda, myriapoda, arthropoda

characteristics of insecta

most diverse, molting, 3 sets of jaws in mandibulate mouth parts, ocelli, 3 sets of jointed legs, 1 pair of compound eyes, 1 pair of antennae, only invertebrates to fly

grasshopper, insecta, hexapoda

daphnia, branchiopoda, crustacea

crayfish, malacostraca, crustacea

movement of water and nutrients through starfish in order

madreporite, stone canal, ring canal, radial canals, lateral canals, ampullae, tube feet

epidermis of sea star

ossicles

calcareous plates

characteristics of echinodermata

marine predators, endoskeleton of ossicles, water vascular system for locomotion, respiration, and feeding, bilaterally symmetrical as larvae, pentaradial/radial as adults

brittle star, ophiuroidea, echinodermata

sand dollar + sea urchin, echinoidea, echinodermata

sea cucumber, holothuroidea, echinodermata

sea star, asteroidea, echinodermata

branchiostoma or lancelet or amphioxus (cephalochordata, chordata)

pharyngeal region of branchiostoma or lancelet or amphioxus (cephalochordata, chordata)

ascidian larva or adult tunicate (urochordata, chordata)

tunicate adult (urochordata, chordata)

characteristics of chordates

notochord, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits/bars, post-anal tail, endostyle

classes of deuterostomes in increasing complexity

echinoderms(considered a deuterostome, but not in a class), chordates (subphylum), vertebrates, gnathosomes, osteichthyes, lobe-fins, tetrapods, amniotes

lamprey (pretomyzontida, vertebrates…)

hagfish (myxini, vertebrates…)

first jawed-fish

dunkleosteus (placoderms, condrichthyes, gnathostomes…)

dogfish shark (chondrichthyes, gnathosomes…)

ray-finned fish/actinopterygii (osteichthyes…)

actinista, lobe-finned fish/sarcopterygii (osteichthyes…)

lungfish, dipnoi, lobe-finned fish/sarcopterygii, (osteichthyes…)

perch, actinopterygii (osteichthyes…)

transitional organism from osteichthyes (bony fish) and tetrapods

tiktaalik

salamander, amphibia (tetrapods…)

amniotic egg (amniotes…)

reptiles (amniotes…)

2 groups of amniotes

diapsids (reptiles) and synapsids (mammals)

last living example of ancient reptiles

tuatara, lepidosaurs (diapsids/reptiles)

turtle (diapsids/reptiles)

crocodile (archosaurs, diapsids/reptiles)

pterodactyl (archosaurs, diapsids/reptiles)

ornithishians/armored herbivores (dinosaurs, archosaurs, diapsids/reptiles)

saurischians/bipedal carnivores (dinosaurs, archosaurs, diapsids)

pigeon (aves, saurischians…)

3 groups of mammals

monotremes, marsupials, eutherians

rat (eutherians, mammals, amniotes…)

kangaroo (marsupials, mammals, amniotes…)

platypus and echidna (monotremes, mammals, amniotes…)

3 groups of primates

prosimians (lemurs, lorises, bush babies), monkeys (old world - africa and new world - americas), apes (gibbons, chimpanzees, gorillas)

paraphyletic clade of relatives to humans

australopiths

3 major species of the genus homo

homo habilis = first species to leave africa

homo neanderthalensis = largest brain (developed in occipital, less in cerebellum), used tools, buried the dead

homo sapiens = us! smaller brow bridge, much slimmer and taller builds