BIOL Final

Which plant hormone is can prevent the dropping of leaves, flowers or fruits and is produced at the apical meristems?

Auxin (None of the above)

Both biennials and long day plant flowering can be triggered by?

Giberillins

Which of the following is responsible for detecting the seasonal changes and shifts in day/light cycles?

Phytochromes

A plant growing and moving towards a source of light is known as?

Phototropism

The ability for a germinated seed to extend its growth of shoots upward and growth of roots downward into the soil is known as?

Gravitropism

Which of these is not a type of connective tissue?

Dense or regular connective tissue, loose connective tissue, blood, adipose tissue (all of the above are)

Epithelium consisting of flattened cells which are one cell layer thick is also known as?

Simple squamous epithelium

Which type of fiber is most commonly found in loose connective tissue?

Collagen fibers

Which type of muscle that is involuntary and has no striations?

Smooth muscle

Which muscle type consists of many fused cells (ie, are multinucleated) and is voluntary?

Skeletal muscle

Which type of digestive system would be present in the flatworms and cnidarians?

A gastrovascular cavity

Which organism would be considered an example of a substrate feeder?

A caterpillar

An organism with a very well developed digestive system that has a large cecum and extensive small and large intestines are most likely?

Herbivores

Bulk feeders are typically described by which statement below?

They ingest large pieces of food

Which statement best describes essential nutrients in animals digestion and nutrition?

Substances that can either be organic or inorganic molecules needed in small quantities by living animals, and substances that the body must obtain from their food and are normally not Mande by the animal (both of the above are true for essential nutrients)

Which approach or mechanism is typically used by flatworms for respiration or breathing?

integumentary exchange

How do amphibians obtain oxygen from their environment?

Both via lungs and skin

Invertebrates such as insects typically obtain oxygen via the use of?

A tracheal system

What evolutionary adaptation did fish evolve to absorb oxygen from the water?

Gills

Which statement best explains how larger organisms such as elephants are able to deal with increased needs for oxygen?

The increased surface area in the lungs to maximize oxygen uptake

Which organism would not have a closed circulatory system?

A grasshopper

Which statement is considered correct for an amphibian?

Amphibians have separate pulmocutaneous and systemic circuits

The exchange of nutrients, gases and waste products occurs at?

Capillaries

Immunity that does not directly recognize a specific type of antigen and is considered a first line of defense against pathogens is also known as?

Innate immunity

Organisms such as flatworms and nematodes would have which type of immunity present?

Innate immunity

Which immunity evolved in the jawed fish and still is present in all vertebrates but absent in the vertebrate animals?

Adaptive immunity

Which of the following would be adaptations used in thermoregulation?

Evaporative cooling, Behavioral responses, countercurrent heat exchange (All of the above)

A new fish species has interstitial fluid and blood lower terms of solute concentration top the water or environment it is found in. Based upon this observation, what can you con conclude about this fish?

It’s an osmoregulator

Which of the following organisms remove waste products via release of uric acid?

Birds, insects, the majority of reptiles (All of the above)

An aquatic organism that is able to maintain a completely different solute concentration in its tissues and body fluids (compared to the external environment) is also known as?

Osmoregulator

The realest of estrogen and progesterone are under the regulation of which endocrine organ/gland?

Anterior pituitary

Water soluble hormones such as insulin typically signal cells via the interaction with?

Plasma membrane receptors

Which two horses are produced by the hypothalamus and released into the posterior pituitary gland?

ADH and oxytocin

Which form of reproduction is typically utilized by birds, mammals, and reptiles?

Sexual reproduction

Which hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation in the flame mammalian ovary?

FSH

Which of the following is a key event that occurs during gastrulation?

Cells migrate to new locations, three embryonic germ layers are formed ( both above occur)

The ability of a sperm cell to penetrate an egg is due to the presence of?

An acrosome

The process of budding, fission or fragmentation are associated with?

Asexual reproduction

Which mechanism is typically used to regulate or control how much hormone is produced by endocrine glands?

Negative feedback

Which endocrine organ directly regulated the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream?

The pancreas

A) What are the two types of hormones which are produced and released by endocrine cells or organs?

What are two types of receptors for hormones that can be present in cells?

The two hormones are steroid hormones and nonsteriod(Peptide/protein and amine hormones)

Two type of cell receptors are cell membrane receptors and intracellular receptors.

Which type of homeostatic feedback mechanism is often used to regulate hormone production and secretion?

Negative feedback

How does the hypothalamus regulate the production and secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary?

By relaxing hormones and inhibiting hormones through the hypophyseal portal system.

Which hormone is responsible for triggering ovaries to release eggs (ovulation) and stimulate sperm production in the testes

FSH or Follicle stimulating hormones in testes and LH or Luteinizing hormone in ovaries

The hypothalamus produces many release and inhibitor hormones but it also directly produces two hormones which are released via the posterior pituitary. Which functions are associated with these two hormones?

Oxytocin and ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

After eating a meal your blood glucose levels rise but after some time the levels will drop back to normal. Later in the day, you begin to feel hungry and decide to measure your blood glucose levels. At this time they have dropped but after a short while they rise to a normal level. A) Based upon this Information, what organ is responsible for regulating the changes in blood glucose levels? B) Which hormone acts to decrease the blood glucose levels? C) Which hormone acts to increase the blood glucose Levels?

A.Pancreas B. Insulin C. Glucagon

What embryonic germ layers are present if an organism has a complete range of organs including nervous, integumentary, digestive, skeletal and muscular systems?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Which embryonic germ layer gives rise to the neural tube during late gastrulation? Which embryonic organ or structure also influences the further development of the neural tube into a brain and spinal cord?

Ectoderm gives rise to neural tube, and notochord influences development.

What is the function of the acrosome in a sperm cell?

It contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate the egg membrane during fertilization.

What are three mechanisms used by organisms to reproduce asexually?

Budding, fragmentation/regeneration, and fission

What are two key things that occur during gastrulation?

Formation of the three germ layers, and movement/rearrangement of cells to form the gastrula and body plan.

You’ve discovered a new species of plant and decide to further characterize it. You notice this plant has vascular bundles arranged into ring-Like arrays that run parallel along the outer edges of a plant stem. You also determine that the plant has a taproot system. Further analysis demonstrates that the plant has an extensive vein pattern in the leafs. Based upon this information, what type of plant (mono-or dicot) have you found?

Dicot

You characterize a different plant species and observe this one has vascular bundles distributed throughout the pith of the plan. You also determine this plant has veins that run parallel to each other. In addition, this plant has a single cotyledon in the seed. Based upon this information, what type of plant(mono-or dicot) have you found?

Monocot

A) Which plant tissue is responsible for conducting water and minerals? B) Organic solutes such as sugars?

A. Xylem B. Phloem

Where do metabolic wastes in trees tend to accumulate?

Bark, Heartwood, leaves, or vacuoles

Which type of plant cells mirror the vascular tissue and provides strength and rigidity to plants?

Sclerenchyma cells

What is a tissue in plants that is important in conservation of water and protection against pathogens?

Dermal tissue

You purchase a plant at your local nursery and plant it in your garden. After two years the original plant has died but new plants sprout up where you had planted the original one. Based upon this information,was the original plant an annual, biennial or perrenial?

Biennial

8. Which type of plant would live for more than two years (and even for greater numbers beyond that)?

Perennial

. What female structure in plants is where the pollen typically is deposited?

Stigma

. What is the site or structure where pollen production occurs in a flower?

Anther

You are studying strategies that plants employ to increase absorption of water from soil. You notice the plants you’re characterizing have some sort of fungal symbiont associated with their roots. A) What is the name of this fungal structure associated with these plant roots? B) What is their purpose or function?

A. Mycorrhizae B. Increase water and mineral absorption, especially phosphorus

What is the role of root hairs in plants?

To increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals.

What are the driving forces that explain the cohesion-tension theory and thus allow water to move throughout plants?

Transpiration pull, cohesion between water molecules, adhesion to xylem walls, and root pressure

What are some factors or events that regulate guard cell activity in stomata

Light, CO2 concentration, water availability, circadian rhythm, and potassium ion movement

Which soil layer or horizon directly sustains plant growth by permitting root growth?

Topsoil

A) Explain why cations are unable to be easily absorbed by plant roots. B) How does a plant overcome this problem?

A. Cations bind tightly to negatively charged soil particles making them hard to absorb. B. Plants overcome this by releasing H+ ions to exchange with cations.

A) How are some plants (particularly some legumes) able to fix atmospheric nitrogen? B) How do ammonifying bacteria provide nitrogen to plants?

A. They use nitrogen fixing bacteria B. Break down organic matter and release ammonium into soil

What are the main driving forces for photosynthetic products to move from areas of photosynthesis (e.g.leafs) to the root of the plant.

Driven by pressure flow (source to sink movement) caused by sugar loading in leaves and unloading in roots.