Jewish History Exam Grade 9
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114 Terms
Who achieved Jewish independence in 142 BCE
Shimon (Simon) Hasmonean.
Why did Shimon ask Rome for help?
To protect Judea from the weakening Greek Empire.
Which Hasmonean ruler forced the Idumeans to convert to Judaism?
John Hyrcanus.
Why did the Pharisees oppose John Hyrcanus?
Forced conversions and serving as both King and High Priest.
Which Hasmonean ruler was considered the most Hellenized?
Alexander Yannai.
What happened between Alexander Yannai and the Pharisees
A civil war broke out.
Who made peace with the Pharisees
Salome Alexandra.
Who did Salome appoint as head of the Sanhedrin
Shimon ben Shetach.
Which son was supported by the Pharisees
Hyrcanus II.
Which son was supported by the Sadducees
Aristobulus II.
In what year did Rome take control of Judea
63 BCE.
Who was the last Hasmonean ruler
Mattityahu Antigonus.
Which sect accepted the Oral Torah
Pharisees.
Which sect rejected the Oral Torah
Sadducees
Which sect wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls
Essenes.
Which sect was the ancestor of modern Judaism
Pharisees.
Which sect was wealthy and Temple-based?
Sadducees.
Where did the Essenes live?
Qumran.
Where were the Dead Sea Scrolls found?
Qumran.
What are the three categories of Dead Sea Scrolls?
Biblical, Apocrypha, Sectarian.
When were the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered?
1947.
Who was Josephus?
Jewish general, historian, and primary source.
At what battle was Josephus captured?
Yodefat.
Why is Josephus controversial?
He surrendered and worked for Rome.
Why must historians be cautious when reading Josephus?
He may be biased toward Rome.
When did Herod become King of Judea?
37 BCE.
Why did Rome choose Herod?
He was loyal to Rome and had Jewish connections.
What was Herod's greatest building project?
Caesarea.
What Roman symbol did Herod place on the Temple?
A golden eagle.
Why did Pharisees dislike Herod?
Hellenism and lack of commitment to Jewish law.
Why did Sadducees dislike Herod?
He reduced their power.
Who was drowned by Herod?
Aristobulus III.
What title describes Herod best?
A: Both Herod the Great and Herod the Cruel.
What group led the rebellion against Rome?
Zealots
What did the Zealots burn
Granaries and food supplies.
Who led Rome during the revolt
Vespasian.
Who destroyed the Temple
Titus.
When was the Temple destroyed?
70CE
On what Jewish date was the Temple destroyed?
9th of Av.
Why did Rome claim the Temple was a legitimate target?
It was being used as a fortress and a military base
What does Sinat Chinam mean
Unjustified hatred
What coin celebrated Rome's victory
Judaea Capta coin.
What was the final Jewish stronghold In the Great Revolt?
Masada.
Who led Masada
Eleazar ben Yair.
What famous quote is associated with Masad
"Better to die a free man than live as a slave."
Who rebuilt Judaism after the Temple's destruction?
Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai (RYbZ)
What city became the new Jewish centre?
Yavneh.
What is a Takkanah?
A new rabbinic rule replacing Temple practices.
What Sukkot practice did RYbZ preserve?
Waving the lulav and etrog.
Who became leader after RYbZ?
Rabban Gamliel.
What title did Rabban Gamliel hold?
Nasi.
What was Gamliel's main goal?
Jewish unity.
Who frequently disagreed with Rabban Gamliel?
Rabbi Joshua.
When was the Bar Kochba Revolt?
132–135 CE.
Who led the revolt?
Shimon Bar Kochba.
Who believed Bar Kochba was the Messiah?
Rabbi Akiva.
What did Hadrian rename Jerusalem?
Aelia Capitolina
What temple did Hadrian plan to build?
A Temple to Jupiter.
What practice did Hadrian ban?
Hadrian banned 20 things one of them being circumcision
What city was the final stronghold?
Betar.
Who recorded the revolt?
Dio Cassius.
What is Kiddush Hashem?
Dying for/sanctifying God's name.
What happened to Judea after the revolt?
renamed to palestine
Who compiled the Mishna?
Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi.
Why was the Mishna written down?
Fear the Oral Law would be forgotten.
Around what year?
200 CE.
Who were the Tannaim?
Rabbis of the Mishna period.
What does ZMaN NaKaT stand for?
The six orders of the Mishna.
Zeraim?
Agriculture.
Moed?
Festivals.
Nashim?
Family and marriage.
Nezikin?
Damages/civil law.
Kodashim?
Holy things and sacrifices.
Taharot?
Ritual purity.
What are the two parts of the Talmud?
Mishna and Gemara.
What is the Gemara?
Commentary and discussion on the Mishna.
Who were the Amoraim?
Rabbis who wrote the Gemara.
Who were the Geonim?
A: Rabbis after the Talmud period.
What does Dina D'Malchuta Dina mean?
The law of the land is the law.
Who taught Dina D'Malchuta Dina?
Shmuel.
Who were the major Babylonian leaders?
Rav and Shmuel.
Who was the political leader of Babylonian Jewry?
Resh Galuta
What are the four Gospels?
Mark, Matthew, Luke, John.
What was Paul's original name?
Saul
Where was Paul born?
Tarsus.
What happened on the road to Damascus?
Paul had a vision of Jesus.
What did Paul teach was necessary for salvation?
Faith in Jesus.
What prayer separated Christians from Judaism?
Birkat Ha-Minim.
Which emperor legalized Christianity?
Constantine.
What is the Trinity?
Father, Son, Holy Spirit.
What is deicide?
The accusation that Jews killed Jesus.
Who harshly criticized Jews?
John Chrysostom.
Which Church leader compared Jews to Cain?
Augustine.
What were the original goals of the Maccabees?
Restore Judaism and achieve Jewish autonomy.
What happened to the Hasmoneans over time?
They became increasingly Hellenized.
Why was forcing conversions controversial?
It was seen as adapting Hellenistic ideas to Judaism and was criticized by the Pharisees.
What holiday saw a major conflict between Alexander Yannai and the Pharisees?
Sukkot.
What did Alexander Yannai do on his deathbed?
Told Salome Alexandra to make peace with the Pharisees.
What families are criticized in rabbinic sources?
House of Baitos, Hanan, Katros, and Yishmael ben Piakhi.
Why were they criticized?
Corruption, abuse of power, and mistreating ordinary Jews.