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Michelangelo

Who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel?

Johannes Gutenberg

Who is known to be the inventor of the printing press?

The third estate

Made up of the commoners and peasants in the Renaissance.

Civic Humanism

The moral, social, and political philosophy that began to articulate in Italy during the Renaissance.

War of the Roses

A series of civil wars for control of England.

Renaissance

Means 'Rebirth' in French.

Motives of exploration

Reasons that include economic interests, religious missions, and national competition.

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers of the New World.

Lorenzo Medici

He gave power to the lower classes of Italy but let his family business decline.

Divine right monarchy

Term referring to a king's power derived from God.

Industrialization in the textile industry

Resulted in the establishment of factories.

Ireland

The only European country to suffer a declining population in the 19th century.

Edict of Worms

Placed Luther under a ban of empire and condemned his beliefs.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits.

Thomas Hobbes

Revolutionized ideas about the role of monarchy by rejecting divine right.

Netherlands

This nation rejected absolute monarchy in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Constitutional monarchy

Established as a result of the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution.

Sweden

Did not participate in the partitions of Poland.

Intendants

System established in 17th Century France to implement royal policies on a local level.

James I

King of England who believed in the divine right of kings.

Charles I

Raised his own army, leading to the start of the English Civil War in 1642.

Interregnum

The period from 1649-1660 following the English Civil War.

Robert Walpole

The first prime minister of England.

Galileo

Tried for heresy for arguing that Earth revolved around the sun.

Copernicus

Proposed the heliocentric view of the universe.

Geocentric theory

The idea that the earth is the center of the universe.

Heliocentric theory

The idea that the sun is the center of the universe.

Scientific method

The first step is to state a question or problem.

Heliocentric theory

Describes a model where the sun is the center of the universe.

Kepler

Added that planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun.

Mathematical formulas

Used by Nicolaus Copernicus to develop his theory.

Galileo

Creator of the first telescope.

1715 - 1789

Years during which the Enlightenment occurred.

Enlightenment

A time when reason and logic were used to explain the world.

Natural Rights

Refers to Life, Liberty, and Property.

True

Enlightenment philosophers believed people should change abusive governments.

Social Contract

People give up some freedom for protection of their rights.

17th Century

The Age of Enlightenment began during this time.

Catholic Church

Authority challenged by new scientific theories in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Unlimited government

An example is absolute monarchy.

Divine Right

The belief that rulers derive their right to lead from God.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution.

Limited Government

Characterized by having a written constitution.

Unlimited Government

Exampled by North Korea's leadership.

Isaac Newton

Associated with the Laws of Motion and gravity.

Social Contract

People give up some rights for protection.

Freedom of Speech

Belief in the right to express beliefs without punishment.

Voltaire

French writer advocating for freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and church-state separation.

Freedom of Speech

Belief expressed in Voltaire's quote about defending the right to say something.

John Locke

Believed people were born with unalienable rights like life, liberty, and property.

French peasantry

Discontent due to the revival of taxes and feudal dues.

The metric system

An enduring change initiated by the French Revolution.

French Revolution

Women achieved rights except for proportional representation.

Revolutionary France

Enjoyed advantages of greater patriotism and morale over European monarchs.

18th century France

Characterized by a deepening financial crisis prior to the Revolution.

Estates-General

Provided a legitimate forum for critics of the Old Regime in 1789.

False

The third estate was not divided between bourgeoisie and rich merchants.

Wealth of Nations

Book written by Adam Smith.

Robespierre

His execution ended the Reign of Terror.

The Napoleonic Code

Considered Napoleon's greatest achievement.

Deism

Views of many Enlightenment thinkers towards religion summed up in this word.

Napoleon's reforms

Positively impacted the French economy in various ways.

Coup d'état

The sudden seizure of power by Napoleon.

Continental System

Resulted in a blockade with a strong British navy affecting France's economy.

Battle of Waterloo

Led to Napoleon's downfall when he was executed.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Leader who expressed his love for power like a musician for a violin.

Scorched-earth policy

Used by Russia to defeat Napoleon during his invasion.

Enlightenment ideas

Part of Napoleon's legacy.

Napoleonic Code

The system of laws established to help rebuild France.

England and Russia

The two countries that Napoleon could never conquer.

Escape from Elba

What happened after Napoleon's first exile.

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer who reached India via Africa.

God, glory, gold

Motives behind exploration.

Caravel

A type of ship used in the Age of Exploration.

Compass

Instrument using magnetic north to guide sailors.

Astrolabe

Instrument using the sun and stars for navigation.

Maps

Became more accurate as explorers visited new places.

Columbus

Known for accidentally discovering the Americas.

Ferdinand Magellan

Explorer who led the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe.

Astrolabe

Device that determines latitude using celestial bodies.

Columbus

Responsible for establishing Spain's claims in the New World.

Sir Francis Drake

First Englishman to sail around the globe.

Horses and diseases

Traded from the Old World to the New World.

Diseases

Wiped out 75-90% of the indigenous people in the New World.

Better weapons

The reason Spaniards were able to conquer the Aztec empire.

Peasant uprisings

Led to the decline of absolute monarchy in France.

Tennis Court Oath

Symbolized the National Assembly's resolve to create a new constitution.

Enlightenment ideals

Intellectual cause of the French Revolution.

Colonies in America

Received African slaves in the Triangle Trade.

Absolute Ruler

A ruler involved in all aspects of government and public life.

Versailles

Massive palace built by Louis XIV, funded by taxpayers.

Execution of Charles I

Conclusion of the English Civil War.

English Civil War

Began in 1642 when Charles I raised his army.

Interregnum

Period from 1649-1660 following the English Civil War.