PSYC 101 Post Midterm 2 Content

What is attachment?

A close, enduring emotional bond to parents or other caregivers, necessary for normal social and emotional development.

What parenting approach was dominant in the 1940s?

Behaviorist Parenting, which emphasized reward and punishment to shape behavior.

What did Watson advise regarding parenting?

He advised against hugging or kissing children, suggesting that social contact could be dangerous.

Who challenged Behaviorist Parenting and what was their main idea?

Spock challenged it by emphasizing the importance of the emotional relationship between parent and child.

What did Harlow's Monkeys study reveal?

It showed that comfort and security from a caregiver are more important than just meeting biological needs like hunger.

What were the results of Harlow's Monkeys experiment?

Monkeys preferred the cloth mother for comfort over the wire mother that provided food.

What are the consequences of not having a stable caregiver early in life?

Children may exhibit withdrawn behavior, aggression, and abnormal social behavior.

What did John Bowlby observe about children in institutions?

They were listless, depressed, emotionally disturbed, and unable to develop normal emotional relationships.

What was the impact of the Romanian Orphanages in the 1980s?

Children were neglected and abused, leading to poor developmental outcomes unless placed in foster care before age 2.

What did studies show about children in prison with their mothers?

Children in prison with their mothers had better outcomes than those in orphanages, with no deaths and higher average IQs.

What is the significance of social attachment?

It is necessary for normal social and emotional development.

What did Freud believe about the mother-child relationship?

He believed it served to satisfy physical and psychosexual drives.

What was Bowlby's perspective on the mother-child relationship?

He viewed it as important in its own right, with infants using caregivers as a secure base for exploration.

What are the four phases of attachment development according to Bowlby?

1. Preattachment (birth-6 weeks), 2. Attachment-in-the-making (6 weeks-8 months), 3. Clear-cut attachment (8 months-2 years), 4. Reciprocal relationships (2+ years).

What is the outcome of the attachment process?

An enduring emotional tie between child and primary caregiver and the development of an internal working model of attachment.

What is the 'Strange Situation' study?

Ainsworth's study where children were observed through separations and reunions with their caregiver to assess attachment quality.

What characterizes securely attached children?

They effectively use their parent as a secure base, show some distress when the parent leaves, and are happy upon return.

What are the traits of insecure-resistant (anxious-ambivalent) attachment?

Children are clingy, explore less, are very upset when the parent leaves, and resist comfort upon return.

What defines insecure-avoidant attachment?

Children are indifferent to the parent before separation and do not greet the parent upon return.

What is disorganized/disoriented attachment?

Children show no consistent coping strategy, with confused expressions and a desire to approach the parent but fear doing so.

What are the long-term effects of secure attachment?

Better problem-solving, social skills, and peer relations in adolescence.

What are the long-term effects of insecure attachment?

Socially/emotionally withdrawn behavior, poor peer relations, and increased likelihood of disruptive behavior.

What factors contribute to individual differences in attachment?

Quality of caregiver experiences and the infant's innate needs for attachment.

What do twin and adoption studies suggest about heritability in infancy?

They suggest there is no, or very small, heritable component.

What percentage of heritability is observed in adolescence?

Approximately 40%.

What is 'differential susceptibility' in the context of genetics?

Certain genes may make individuals more likely to be affected by the quality of caregiving.

How does an infant's temperament affect parenting?

Differences in temperament can make it more difficult for parents to maintain sensitivity.

What is parental sensitivity?

Noticing a child's signals, interpreting them correctly, and responding consistently.

What percentage of infants with insensitive parents are securely attached?

Only 38%.

What behaviors do parents of securely attached infants typically exhibit?

They accurately read infants' signals and respond consistently, with many positive exchanges.

What characterizes parents of insecure/resistant infants?

They respond inconsistently to infants' distress and may be anxious or overwhelmed.

What behaviors are typical of parents of insecure/avoidant infants?

They are often indifferent, emotionally unavailable, and may reject cuddling efforts.

What was the purpose of VandenBoom's 1994 study on parenting and attachment?

To determine if parenting causes attachment differences through an intervention for sensitive behavior.

What were the results of the parenting intervention in VandenBoom's study?

Parents showed more sensitive behavior, leading to higher rates of secure attachment: 62% in the intervention group vs. 22% in the control group.

Does daycare negatively affect attachment in children?

No, quality daycare does not lead to insecure attachment and can have positive outcomes.

What is the difference between attachment and attachment parenting?

Attachment parenting emphasizes extreme closeness and attentiveness, while attachment is based on secure bonds.

What is self-concept?

It encompasses identity and values, including physical, internal, and social characteristics.

What is the significance of a 'value affirmation' intervention?

It can improve performance and lessen performance gaps in challenging contexts.

What developmental milestone occurs in infants around 3-5 months regarding self-concept?

They show some understanding of their physical self by detecting their movements controlling objects.

What does the mirror task (rouge task) assess?

It assesses self-awareness by determining if infants recognize themselves in a mirror.

At what age do children typically start to recognize themselves in photographs?

Around 2 years old.

What are common self-descriptions for 3-4 year olds?

They focus on concrete, observable characteristics and basic psychological traits, often with unrealistic positivity.

How do 8-11 year olds describe themselves?

They incorporate social comparison and have more nuanced, realistic self-descriptions.

What is the 'personal fable' in adolescence?

The belief that one's feelings and experiences are unique and not shared by others.

What is Erikson's crisis of identity during adolescence?

It involves figuring out 'who you really are' and may require a psychosocial moratorium.

What are the identity status categories according to Erikson?

Identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and identity achievement.

How does identity status relate to well-being?

Those committed to an identity tend to have higher well-being, self-esteem, and emotional stability.

What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

Race is based on physical characteristics, while ethnicity involves cultural expression and identification.

What is ethnic identity?

An individual's sense of belonging to an ethnic group.

How does ethnic identity develop during childhood?

It develops gradually, with children beginning to understand their group characteristics and forming preferences by early school years.

At what age do children typically start identifying with their ethnic group?

Between 5-8 years old.

What challenges do minority group members face regarding ethnic identity?

Culture clash, awareness of discrimination, and internalization of ethnic stereotypes.

What did the Clark Doll Test demonstrate?

It showed that minority group children internalize negative stereotypes at a young age.

What was the outcome of the Brown v. Board of Education case?

It helped end segregation in schools by proving that 'separate but equal' was not equal in practice.

How can social stereotypes and prejudice in children be reduced?

By avoiding labeling, not segregating by social categories, and discussing beliefs explicitly.

What role does media play in shaping children's perceptions of ethnic groups?

Positive representation in media can foster better attitudes towards racial and ethnic diversity.

How does ethnic identity impact self-esteem?

A strong sense of ethnic identity is linked to higher self-esteem, particularly for minority group members.

What is the functionalist approach to emotions?

Emotions help us achieve goals, motivate action, and communicate needs.

What are the components of an emotional experience?

Transient subjective feelings, physiological correlates, accompanying thoughts, and desire to take action.

What are the two theories regarding infant emotions?

Undifferentiated Emotions Theory and Discrete Emotion Theory.

What does the Discrete Emotion Theory propose?

Emotions are innate, distinct, and associated with specific bodily and facial reactions.

What are the six basic emotions identified in infants?

Joy, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise, and fear.

What is stranger anxiety and when does it typically occur?

Stranger anxiety occurs between 6-7 months to 2 years, reflecting attachment to caregivers.

What is separation anxiety?

Distress experienced by infants when separated from their primary caregiver, typically occurring between 8-15 months.

How do infants express positive emotions?

Through social smiles and laughter, which strengthen parent-infant interactions.

What physiological response is associated with disgust?

It often involves a strong aversion to contamination or illness.

What is the significance of early emotional experiences in infants?

They lay the foundation for complex self-concepts and emotional understanding later in life.

How does the environment influence children's ethnic identity development?

Parents, community leaders, and teachers play crucial roles in supporting positive ethnic identity.

What is the impact of attending integrated schools on children's perceptions of social categories?

Children in integrated schools show a significant drop in essentialism regarding social categories.

What is the importance of explicit discussions about beliefs with children?

Explicit discussions help shape children's understanding and attitudes towards diversity.

What evidence suggests that children reason about the social status of ethnic groups?

By age 4, Black children in South Africa show social preferences that align with the social status of ethnic groups.

What are the implications of ethnic identity for minority group members?

A strong ethnic identity serves as a protective factor against negative societal influences.

What is the role of caregivers in emotional development?

Caregivers help infants navigate emotional experiences and foster secure attachments.

What are the characteristics of negative emotions in infants?

Negative emotions like fear and sadness become distinct from pain and distress around 2 months.

How does the emotional experience of infants change over time?

Emotional experiences become increasingly complex as children grow and develop.

What is the theory behind disgust responses?

Disgust responses may be functional and innate, protecting from harmful substances.

At what age do infants learn to avoid things based on adults' disgust reactions?

By 11 months.

How can mature forms of disgust vary?

They can be very culturally specific, including disgust towards immoral actions.

What was the early theory regarding facial expressions in the 1960s?

It believed that facial expressions are learned through mimicry and not innate.

What did the Papua New Guinea study suggest about emotions?

It suggested cross-cultural universals in emotional expressions.

What is the significance of blind individuals regarding emotional expressions?

Blind individuals have similar expressions as sighted individuals, suggesting emotions are innate.

What do cross-species comparisons reveal about emotions?

They suggest that other animals also have internal emotions.

When do primary emotions emerge, and how are they shared?

Primary emotions emerge early and are shared with other species.

What are complex emotions, and when do they develop?

Complex emotions develop later and require cognitive abilities.

What is the difference between guilt and shame?

Guilt is associated with empathy for others, while shame focuses on the self.

What did the Doll Experiment (1993 & 2005) demonstrate about guilt and shame?

Children showed different reactions: some avoided the adult (shame), while others told the adult and tried to repair the doll (guilt).

How can a parent's reaction influence a child's emotions?

Emphasizing the wrongness of the action can elicit guilt, while emphasizing the wrongness of the child can elicit shame.

What is pride, and how is it expressed in children?

Pride is shown when a goal is achieved, and by age 3, it relates to the difficulty of the task.

How do American and Japanese cultures differ in their view of pride?

American culture often views pride positively, while Japanese culture may view it negatively.

At what age do children typically start to feel embarrassment?

By 15-24 months.

What is emotional contagion?

The tendency to catch and feel emotions similar to those of others.

What did the study by Draghi-Lorenz, Reddy, & Costall (2001) find about jealousy in infants?

Infants showed more distress when their mothers expressed affection to other infants than to adults.

What is temperament?

Constitutionally based individual differences in emotional, motor, attentional reactivity, and self-regulation.

What were the three temperament categories identified in the New York Longitudinal Study?

Easy (40%), Difficult (10%), and Slow-to-warm (15%).

What does 'goodness of fit' refer to in temperament?

The compatibility between an individual's temperament and their environment.

What role do genetic factors play in temperament?

Twin and adoption studies show that genetics significantly influence temperament.

How can environmental factors affect temperament?

Factors like nutrition, teratogens, prolonged stress, and parental sensitivity can all influence temperament.

What is the impact of culture on parenting styles?

Cultural differences can influence how parents react to different traits in children.

What is the relationship between temperament and social adjustment?

Social adjustment depends on how well an individual's temperament fits into their environment.

What does the summary of emotional development indicate?

Basic emotions develop early and are universally cross-cultural, while some emotions require a sense of self and develop later.