L10: Vaccination

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Last updated 7:57 PM on 4/22/26
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20 Terms

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what is a vaccine

antigen from a pathogen that induces a protective immune response without actually causing disease

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main goal of vaccination

to generate protective immune memory and prevent reinfection

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what are the outcomes of vaccine

  • prevent infection

  • prevent disease

  • control infection

  • prevent transmission

  • prevent cancer

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what are different types of vaccine

  • RNA

  • subunit

  • vector

  • killed

  • modified live

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how fast are antibodies produced in secondary response

4-5 days vs weeks in primary

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what type of antibodies dominate secondary response

high affinity, class switched (IgG)

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advantages of live virus

  • systemic and local response

  • immunity is long lasting

  • cheap

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disadvantages of live virus

  • bad for immunocompromised people

  • can mutate

  • can spread

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how are attenuated vaccines made

  1. take out pathogen from infected human

  2. grow in human culture

  3. infect animal with pathogen

  4. pathogen mutates to be better suited for infecting animals

  5. inject mutated form into humans so less harmful

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what is subunit vaccine

only antigenic parts of pathogen

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what is RNA vaccine

delivers genetic material to encode antigen

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how do we make vaccines against non protein targets

  1. using conjugate vaccine

  2. links polysaccharide with carrier protein

  3. response against sugar is made and memory against the protein

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what happens after a new strain of virus arrives

  1. b cells go back to germinal centres and mutate to become better at adapted at recognising the particular virus via somatic hypermutation

  2. some b cells become plasma cells

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what are adjuvants

substances that enhance immune response

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how do adjuvants work

mimic PAMPs and so activate innate immunity

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what is prophylactic vaccination

prevent infection/disease

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what is therapeutic vaccination

control existing infection

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why do some vaccines not work

  • ageing so IS is weakened

  • antigen variation

  • mutations

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how is flu vaccine made

  • made in eggs a year in advance of its use

  • must be tested to ensure its safe