bio201 rio salado exam 1

What are the levels of structural organization in the human body from simplest to most complex?

Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal.

What is included in the chemical level of organization?

Atoms and molecules that form the basic building blocks of life.

Why is the cellular level considered the basic unit of life?

Cells are the smallest living units capable of carrying out all life functions.

What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

Define an organ.

A structure composed of two or more tissue types working together for a common function.

What is an organ system?

Multiple organs working together to accomplish major body functions.

What is the organismal level?

The complete living human being composed of all organ systems.

What are the major functions of the integumentary system?

Protection, temperature regulation, vitamin D synthesis, sensation.

What are the major functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production.

What are the major functions of the muscular system?

Movement, posture, heat production.

What are the major functions of the nervous system?

Rapid control and communication through electrical impulses.

What are the major functions of the endocrine system?

Long-term regulation through hormones.

What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system?

Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.

What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

Gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide.

What are the major functions of the digestive system?

Break down food and absorb nutrients.

What are the major functions of the urinary system?

Remove wastes and regulate fluid/electrolyte balance.

What are the major functions of the reproductive system?

Produce gametes and allow reproduction.

Define homeostasis.

The maintenance of stable internal body conditions.

Q: What are the three components of a feedback loop?

Receptor, control center, and effector.

Q: What is negative feedback?

A mechanism that reverses a change to maintain stability.

Give an example of negative feedback

Regulation of body temperature or blood glucose levels.

What is positive feedback?

A mechanism that amplifies a change until a specific event occurs.

Give an example of positive feedback.

:Childbirth contractions or blood clotting.

Why is negative feedback more common in the body?

It maintains stable internal conditions and prevents extreme changes.

How does homeostatic imbalance relate to disease?

When homeostasis fails, body systems malfunction and disease can occur.

Give an example of homeostatic imbalance.

Diabetes mellitus results from inability to regulate blood glucose.

Define anatomy

The study of body structure.

Define physiology.

The study of body function.

Describe the anatomical position.

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

What does superior mean?

Toward the head or upper part of the body.

What does inferior mean?

Away from the head or toward the lower body.

What does anterior mean?

Toward the front of the body.

What does posterior mean?

Toward the back of the body.

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline of the body.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline of the body.

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the point of attachment.

What does distal mean?

Farther from the point of attachment.

What is a sagittal plane?

Divides the body into left and right portions.

What is a frontal (coronal) plane?

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

What is a transverse plane?

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

What are the major body cavities?

Dorsal cavity and ventral cavity.

Which organs are located in the thoracic cavity?

Heart and lungs.

Which organs are located in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs.

What are the nine abdominopelvic regions?

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac.

What organs are found in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?

Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of small intestine.

What organs are found in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?

Stomach, spleen, pancreas, left kidney.

What organs are found in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?

Appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs.

What organs are found in the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?

Descending colon, sigmoid colon, reproductive organs.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Controls movement of substances into and out of the cell.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Stores DNA and controls cellular activities.

What is the function of mitochondria?

Produce ATP through cellular respiration.

What is the function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis.

What is the function of the rough ER?

What is the function of the rough ER?

What is the function of the smooth ER?

Lipid synthesis and detoxification.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modifies, packages, and ships proteins.

What is the function of lysosomes?

Digest worn-out organelles and waste materials.

How does structure relate to cell function?

Cell structure is specialized to perform specific tasks efficiently.

What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, absorption, secretion, and filtration.

How are epithelial tissues classified?

By cell shape and number of layers.

Describe simple squamous epithelium.

Single layer of flat cells specialized for diffusion and filtration.

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

Alveoli and capillary walls.

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium.

Single layer of cube-shaped cells specialized for secretion and absorption.

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

Kidney tubules and glands.

Describe simple columnar epithelium.

Single layer of tall cells specialized for absorption and secretion.

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

Digestive tract.

Describe stratified squamous epithelium.

Multiple layers of flat cells for protection.

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

Skin, mouth, and esophagus.

What are the major functions of connective tissue?

Support, protection, binding, storage, and transport.

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

Cells, fibers, and ground substance.

Describe areolar connective tissue.

Loose connective tissue that wraps and cushions organs.

Describe adipose tissue.

Stores fat, insulates, and protects organs.

Describe dense regular connective tissue.

Parallel collagen fibers provide strong attachment.

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

Tendons and ligaments.

What is the function of cartilage?

Flexible support and shock absorption.

What is the function of bone tissue?

Support, protection, mineral storage.

What is the function of blood?

Transport gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.

What are the general characteristics of nervous tissue?

Excitability and conductivity.

What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?

Neurons and neuroglia.

What is the function of neurons?

Transmit electrical impulses.

What is the function of neuroglia?

Support and protect neurons

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Describe skeletal muscle.

Striated, voluntary muscle attached to bones.

Describe cardiac muscle.

Striated, involuntary muscle found in the heart.

Describe smooth muscle.

Nonstriated, involuntary muscle in hollow organs.

What is a cutaneous membrane?

The skin; a dry membrane covering the body surface.

What is a mucous membrane?

A membrane lining cavities that open to the exterior.

What is a serous membrane?

A membrane lining closed body cavities and covering organs.

What is the function of serous fluid?

Reduces friction between organs.

What are the steps of tissue repair?

Inflammation → organization/restoration → regeneration/fibrosis.

What occurs during inflammation?

Blood clotting, swelling, and immune response activation.

What is fibrosis?

Formation of scar tissue.

How do tissues change with aging?

Cells divide more slowly and tissues lose elasticity and repair ability.

What are the two major layers of the skin?

Epidermis and dermis.

What is the function of the epidermis?

Protection from the external environment.

What is the function of the dermis?

Provides strength, elasticity, blood supply, and sensory receptors.

What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?

Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (thick skin only), corneum.

What is the function of the stratum basale?

Produces new skin cells.

What is the function of the stratum corneum?

Provides a tough protective barrier.

What is melanin?

A pigment that protects against UV radiation.

What is the function of sweat glands?

Produce sweat for temperature regulation.