Overall refresher

Dysuria

Painful, burning, or difficult urination,

Frequency

The urgent, frequent need to urinate.

Urgency

: An abrupt, overwhelming sensation that you need to urinate immediately

Anuria

The absence of urine output (often defined as less than 50 mL in 24 hours), usually indicating severe kidney failure

Oliguria

Reduced urine production (typically less than 500 mL in 24 hours for adults).

Polyuria

Excessive urine production (often exceeding 2.5 liters daily).

Diuresis

: The increased production and secretion of urine

Hematuria

The presence of blood in the urine, which can signal issues like infection, disease, or kidney stones.

Pyuria

The presence of white blood cells or pus in the urine, indicating an active bacterial infection

Albuminuria

: The presence of albumin (a blood protein) in the urine, indicating potential kidney damage

Nocturia

Waking up multiple times during the night to urinate, disrupting your sleep

Enuresis

Involuntary urination, commonly known as bedwetting

Urge Incontinence

• The involuntary leakage of urine right after feeling a sudden, strong urge to go.

Urinary Retention

The inability to completely empty the bladder, causing discomfort and increasing the risk of infection

Poly

much/many

Oligo

few/scanty

Dysuria

painful/difficult urination

Normal Blood Pressure

norm: 120/80

Systolic: 90-140

Diastolic: 60-80

Normal pulse

60-100

Normal temp

37 C

ranges PO: 36.5-37.5

Normal Saturation

95-100 percent

Potassium levels

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Creatinine Levels

0.6-1.2 mg/dL

Sodium levels

135-145 mEq/L

Agnosia

—inability to perceive (sensory), inability to recognize people.

Apraxia

▪— inability to use words or objects for their purpose.

Aphasia

▪— inability to speak or understand speech.

Anomia

▪— inability to find words.

Renal/nephro

Kidney

Hepatic/Hepato

Liver

Cerebrum

Largest part of brain split into R and L hemisphere

Controls high-level thinking, reasoning, learning and memory

Frontal Lobe

High level cognitive skills and voluntary movement

Speech production (brocas is here)

Personality

Short-term memory

Temporal lobe

Processing Center for hearing, language comprehension and memory creation

Contains werenekies area (language), hippocampus and amygdala

Parietal lobe

Sensory info like touch taste and temp

Occipital lobe

Vision and visual processing

Cerebellum

“Little brain

Balance, posture, coordination

Brainstem

Autonomic functions like breathing, HR, BP and swallowing