Anthro 2B Final

Macro Evolution

Evolution that results in new species over long time

Micro Evolution

small genetic changes in a population in a short period of time

Speciation

organisms evolve into distinct, separate species

Extrinsic Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

external factors that spot organism from breeding like geographic isolation

Pre-zygotic Reproductive Isolating Mechanism

biological barrier that prevents breeding like behavioral isolation

Postzygotic reproductive isolation

biological barriers prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a healthy, fertile, and reproducing adult. EX: zygote created from egg and sperm but once zygote grows up, cant reproduce.

Anagenesis

single species grows over time to become new form. No splitting

Cladogenesis

Species splits

Phyletic Gradualism

proposes speciation happens in slow rate

Punctuated Equilibrium

long periods of no evolution than sudden rapid change

Adaptive Radiation

single species rapidly splits

Homology

similar structure from common ancestor. EX: bats and humans have similar limbs from common ancestor

Analogy

noncommon ancestor but similar structure.

Convergence

analogy in drastically unrelated organisms

Parallelism Analogy

analogy in similar organisms from similar environments

Primitive Traits

traits retained from ancestor

Derived traits

modification from ancestral form

shared derived traits

species with common ancestor have similar derived traits.

Post Orbital Bar

bone that protects top of eye

Post-Orbital Partition (Septum/Closure)

bone that protects back of eye

Auditory Bulla

tiny bones of middle ear arc

Strepsirrhini

to lemuroidea and lorisoidea

Haplorrhini

to Tarsiformes

Anthropoidea

Platyrrhini and Catarrhini

Platyrrhini

down to Superfamily

Catarrhini

Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea

Cercopithecoidea

down to family

Hominoidea

down to genus

Dental Formula

#incisors: #canines: #premolars: #molars of upper quadrant

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#incisors: #canines: #premolars: #molars of lower quadrant

Mandibular Symphasis

where two halves of jaw combine

Dental Comb

incisors jut out horizontally

Rhinarium

wet nose

Toilet Claw

one enlongated nail in primates

Twin Births

common in Small Ceboids like Tamarins and Marmosets

Canine Diastema

gaps between teeth for animals with canines so mouth closes

CP3 Complex

large canines used for agression

Sectorial Premolar

special molar ins some primates for cutting and slicing food

Bilophodont Molar Pattern

2 Ridged tooth, 4 cups

Y-5 Molar Pattern

5 cusps on each molar, low peaking, no ridges, best for grinding

Hominoid vs Quadraped (Hominoid section)

wide and shallow thorax, scapula on back, full shoulder rotation, can flex wrist toward inside of body

Hominoid vs Quadraped (Quadraped section)

narrow and deep thorax, scapula on side, limited shoulder rotation, limited wrist flex

Fist Walking in Hominoids

Orangutan

Knuckle Walking in Hominoids

Chimps and gorilla

Locomotion-Body Size Relationship

small primates run on top of branches, bigger ones hang underneath

Intermembral Index (IMI)

over 100: longer arms. less than 100: shorter arms

Forms of Primate Locomotion

Quadrapedalism (Semi-Brachiate) for 100 IMI, Suspensory (Brachiation) for over 100 IMI, Bipedalism for IMI less that 100

Polyandrous Group

one female with multple adult males, males take care of offspring

Home Range

area where species lives

Territory

part of Home Range that individuals in species fight for

Primate Socio- Ecology Positives

increased knowledge, increased protection, increased mate availability

Primate Socio- Ecology Negatives

increased mate competition, increased resource competition, increased parasite load

Variability of Resources

Resources in clusters that are widely spread supports monogamy. Resources that are closer together supports formation of groups

Predation Pressure

low amount of predators: supports single male groups

high amount of predators: supports multi male groups

Dominance Hierarchies

ranked statuses sustained by hostile behavior. Dominance equals more food and mate more

Chimpanzee and Human Split

7-10 years ago

What it Means to Be 98% Chimpanzee and genetic similarity

chimp used as link between man and nature

What it Means to Be 98% Chimpanzee and genetic difference

are differences between ourselves due to differences in genetics of culture

Science: Accuracy & Authority

science is a part of culture and makes assumptions. It produces knowledge in turn producing culture

Scientism

uncritical acceptance of scientifical claims

Genetics naturaling the social world

our culture unconsciously is used to shape our natural behaviour

Scientism of Eugenics

forced sterilization and removal of those thought to have low IQ

Human Genome Diversity Project

companies try to patent the DNA of indigenous populations

Paleospecies

using anatomical differences to see if species breeded or not

Molecular Clock

Humans and Chimpanzees split 7-10 mya

Nucleotide Sequencing

compare same strip of DNA. Count of nucleotide difference between homologous chromosomes. Make array and tree topology

Taphonomy

Study of what happens to organic remains after death

fossil

replaces organic matter with inorganic

Stratigraphy (Relative Dating Method)

sequential layering of geological deposits, each layer is a stratum

Isotopic Dating

unstable nucleus fires off some of itself to become stable

half life: time it takes for half of nucleus to fire off itself

Potassium-Argon Dating

goes from Potassium to Argon gas.

Material: previously molten rock

Half-life: 1.3 billion years

Temporal Range: beginning of earth to 100,000 years ago

Carbon 14 dating

Carbon to Nitrogen gas

material: organic material (once living)

half-life: 5700 years

temporal range: 70,000 to now

Paleocene Epoch

primate like mammals. prehensile hands and feet, not binocular vision

Eocene Epoch

primates.

post orbital bar, forward facing eyes, nails, auditory bulla fused

Oligocene Epoch

north east africa, first anthropoids, full post orbital closure

Cataarhine/Platyrrhines

Aegytopithecus: example of Catarrhine

Miocene Epoch

In africa then spread out

Hominoids and few Cerupithocoids

Proconsul: Africa, Early Miocene

Sivapithecus: Asia, orangutan ancestor

Late Miocene and Early Pilocene

Hominins

Sahelanthropus: Central Afrcia,candidate for oldest human fossil

Ardipithecus: East Africa, ape like features

Australopithecus: east Africa, bipedal, extreme sexual dimorphism

Ardipithecus kadaba

Ardithecus sub species

large canines and short legs

Australopithecus afarensis

East Africa, 3 mya,

ape brain, large teeth, long arms and toes, bipedal, could climb

Robust

big muscles

Australopithecus garhi (Gracile)

east africa, stone tool for meet