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Epithelial membranes

Body membranes composed of epithelial tissue and an underlying layer of connective tissue.

Connective tissue membranes

Body membranes composed exclusively of various types of connective tissue.

Cutaneous membrane

The skin; the primary organ of the integumentary system.

Serous membranes

Membranes composed of simple squamous epithelium on a connective tissue basement membrane; they line walls of body cavities (parietal) and cover organs (visceral).

Parietal layer

The layer of a serous membrane that lines the walls of body cavities.

Visceral layer

The layer of a serous membrane that covers organs found in body cavities.

Pleura

The serous membrane found in the thoracic cavity.

Peritoneum

The serous membrane found in the abdominal cavity.

Pleurisy (Pleuritis)

Inflammation of the serous membranes that line the chest cavity and cover the lungs.

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the serous membranes in the abdominal cavity that line the walls and cover the abdominal organs.

Mucous membranes

Epithelial membranes containing both an epithelial layer and a fibrous connective tissue layer that line body surfaces opening directly to the exterior.

Lamina propria

The fibrous connective tissue layer underlying the epithelium in mucous membranes.

Mucocutaneous junction

The transitional area that serves as a point of fusion where skin and mucous membranes meet.

Synovial membrane

A connective tissue membrane that lines the spaces between joints and bursae, producing a lubricating fluid.

Synovial fluid

A lubricant produced by connective tissue membranes that helps reduce friction between the opposing surfaces of bones in movable joints.

Bursae

Small, cushionlike sacs found between moving body parts, lined by synovial membranes.

Epidermis

The outermost and thinnest primary layer of the skin, composed of several layers of stratified squamous epithelium.

Stratum germinativum

The innermost (deepest) layer of epidermis cells that continually reproduce; also called the pigment layer.

Melanocytes

Pigment cells in the stratum germinativum that produce the brown pigment melanin.

Keratin

A tough, waterproof protein that fills cells as they approach the skin surface.

Stratum corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis consisting of keratin-filled cells.

Cyanosis

A bluish-gray skin color that indicates a decreased blood oxygen level.

Vitiligo

Patchy light skin areas resulting from an acquired loss of epidermal melanocytes.

Albinism

A hereditary condition characterized by a partial or total lack of melanin pigment in the skin and eyes.

Dermal-epidermal junction

The specialized area of contact between the epidermis and dermis, often described as spot welds.

Dermis

The deeper and thicker primary layer of skin composed largely of connective tissue that provides mechanical strength.

Dermal papillae

Parallel rows of peglike projections in the upper dermis that form friction ridges.

Striae

Elongated marks, commonly called stretch marks, caused by overstretching of the skin.

Strawberry hemangioma

A birthmark consisting of a mass of dilated dermal blood vessels that resembles a strawberry.

Subcutaneous tissue (Hypodermis)

Also called superficial fascia, this layer lies deep to the dermis and is prominent in loose fibrous and adipose tissues.

Lanugo

The soft hair of a fetus and newborn.

Hair papilla

The small, cap-shaped cluster of cells from which hair growth begins.

Arrector pili

Specialized smooth muscle that produces goose pimples and causes hair to stand up straight.

Alopecia

The clinical term for hair loss.

Lunula

The crescent-shaped area of the nail body nearest the root.

Onycholysis

The abnormal separation of the nail from the nail bed.

Tactile (Meissner) corpuscle

A specialized nerve ending in the skin capable of detecting light touch.

Lamellar (Pacini) corpuscle

A specialized nerve ending in the skin capable of detecting pressure.

Eccrine sweat glands

The most numerous and widespread sweat glands that produce perspiration to eliminate waste and regulate heat.

Apocrine sweat glands

Glands found primarily in the axilla and around genitalia that secrete a thick, milky secretion; they begin functioning at puberty.

Sebaceous glands

Oil glands found where hairs grow that secrete sebum.

Sebum

An oil secretion that lubricates the hair and skin, often referred to as nature's skin cream.

Acne vulgaris

Inflammation of the sebaceous gland ducts.

Dermatosis

A general term for any disorder of the skin.

Dermatitis

A condition involving inflammation of the skin.

Papule

A small, firm raised lesion less than $1\,cm$ in diameter.

Plaque

A large, raised lesion greater than $1\,cm$ in diameter.

Vesicle

A thin-walled blister filled with fluid that is smaller than $1\,cm$.

Pustule

An elevated skin lesion filled with pus.

Macule

A flat, discolored region of the skin, such as a freckle.

Excoriation

A depressed lesion where the epidermis is missing, such as a scratch.

First-degree burn

A partial-thickness burn that involves only the surface layers of the epidermis.

Second-degree burn

A partial-thickness burn involving deep epidermal layers and the upper layers of the dermis.

Third-degree burn

A full-thickness burn characterized by complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis.

Rule of Nines

A method used to estimate body surface area in adults by dividing the body into 11 areas of $9\%$ each.

Impetigo

A highly contagious staphylococcal or streptococcal skin infection.

Tinea

A fungal infection (mycosis) of the skin.

Decubitus ulcers

Bedsores that develop when pressure slows down blood flow to local areas of the skin.

Urticaria (Hives)

Red lesions characterized by raised wheals and severe itching, often caused by fluid loss from blood vessels.

Scleroderma

An autoimmune disorder of vessels and connective tissue characterized by hardening of the skin.

Psoriasis

A chronic inflammatory condition accompanied by silvery white, scaly plaques.

Squamous cell carcinoma

A slow-growing malignant tumor of the epidermis; the most common type of skin cancer.

Basal cell carcinoma

Skin cancer that begins at the base of the epidermis and is characterized by papules with a central crater; it rarely spreads.

Melanoma

The most serious type of skin cancer, appearing as a malignancy in a nevus (mole).

ABCDE rule

A self-examination guide for moles: Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, and Evolving.

Kaposi sarcoma (KS)

A skin cancer characterized by purple lesions, associated with AIDS and other immune deficiencies.

Health

A state of physical, mental, and social well-being—not merely the absence of disease.

Disease

An abnormality in body function that threatens health.

Etiology

The study of the factors that cause a disease.

Pathogenesis

The pattern of a disease’s development.

Latent stage

A hidden stage during which a virus establishes itself in the patient and no signs are yet evident; also called incubation.

Convalescence

The recovery stage after a disease has run its course, during which body functions return to normal.

Remission

A temporary reversal of signs and symptoms that seems to be a recovery.

Pathology

The study of disease.

Idiopathic

Refers to a disease with an unknown cause.

Signs

Objective abnormalities associated with a disease that can be seen or measured by someone other than the patient.

Symptoms

Subjective abnormalities associated with a disease felt only by the patient.

Syndrome

A collection of different signs and symptoms, usually with a common cause, that presents a distinct picture of a pathological condition.

Acute

A condition where signs and symptoms appear suddenly, persist for a short time, then disappear.

Chronic

Diseases that develop slowly and last for a long time, perhaps for life.

Subacute

Refers to diseases with characteristics somewhere between acute and chronic.

Communicable

Diseases that can be transmitted from one individual to another; also called infectious.

Epidemiology

The study of occurrence, distribution, and transmission of diseases in human populations.

Endemic

Diseases that are native to a local region.

Epidemic

Occurs when a disease affects many people at the same time.

Pandemic

Widespread, perhaps global, epidemics.

Morbidity

Statistics providing information on disease rates in specific populations.

Mortality

The numbers of deaths caused by specific diseases.

Notifiable diseases

Diseases that physicians must report cases of to the U.S. Public Health Service, such as measles, HIV, and Zika virus.

Pathophysiology

The study of underlying physiological aspects of disease, often understood as disturbances of homeostasis.

Parasite

An organism that lives in or on another organism to obtain its nutrients.

Neoplasms

Abnormal tissue growths, also called tumors.

Autoimmunity

A faulty response or overreaction of the immune system that causes it to attack the body.

Inflammation

A set of reactions of the immune system that often includes pain, redness, swelling, and warmth.

Degeneration

The breaking apart of tissues, which can occur as a consequence of aging or result from disease at any time.

Microbes

Microscopic organisms; organisms that are just barely visible or invisible to the unaided eye.

Viruses

Intracellular parasites consisting of a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) core surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipoprotein envelope.

Prion

A shortened form of "PROteinaceous INfectious particle"; pathogenic protein molecules that convert normal proteins to abnormal proteins via misfolding.

Aerobic bacteria

Bacteria that require oxygen for their metabolism.

Anaerobic bacteria

Bacteria that require no oxygen (absence of oxygen) for their metabolism.