S&P Exam 3: Music Perception

What are the basic propteries of music? (3)

pitch, melody, tempo

What is pitch in terms of music?

high and low quality of tones

What is melody?

sequence of pitches that belong together

What is tempo?

the time dimension of music

What are the two componets of tempo?

meter and rhythum

What is meter?

organization of beat into measures

Define meter and name the two most common meters used in music.

the organization of beats into measures

duple and triple

What is rhythm?

the time pattern created by notes

What is timbre in terms of music?

various qualities of sound

What is harmony?

positive or negative qualities of sound created when two or more pitches are played together

What are the two componets of music?

consonance and dissonance

What is consonance?

the positive quality of sound

What is dissonance?

the negative qualities of sound

Musical training leads to better performance in _____, greater _______ skills, and greater ________l sensitivity.

math, language, emotional

True/False: Music evokes positive feelings and emotions

True

Define beat and identify the (2) areas of the brain activated by the beat of music.

equally spaced intervals of time linked to movement

activates auditory and motor cortex of the brain

What are duples and triples?

duple: accents in multiples of two

triple: accents in multiples of three

What is rhythm in terms of musical timing?

time between the onset of each note

What syncopation in terms of musical timing?

when notes begin “off the beat” on the “and” count

How does language impact our perception of rhythum? Describe the results of the English vs Japanese study.

Different languages have different stress patterns, because of the way the language are constructed.

1. participants listened to a sequence of alternating long and short tones and indicayed whether they percieved the tones’ grouping as long-short or short-long.

2. English speakers were more likely to percieve the grouping as short-long

3. Japanese speakers were more likley to percieve the grouping as long-short.

Demonstrated that stress patterns influence how we perceptually group sounds

How does movement impact our perception of rhythum? Describe the results of the bouncing study.

1. The experimenter held hands with a participant as they bounced up and down in a duple pattern (every other beat, multiples of two) or triple pattern (every third beat)

2. After bouncing with the experimenter, participants listened to duple and triple patterns and indicated which pattern they had heard while bouncing

3. On 86% of the trials, participants picked the pattern that matched the way they were bounced.

4. This also occurred when the participants were bouncing while blindfolded.

5. This did not occur when the participants just watched the experimenter bounce

The results of the study suggest that stimulation of the vestibular system (the system responsible for balance and sensing the position of the body) can influence the perceptual grouping or metrical structure of the beats

____ and ______ affect emotional response to music

key and tempo

What (3) areas of the brain are involved in music and emotions?

Nucleus accumbens, amygdala, hippocampus

What neurotransmitterd are involved in music and emotion?

Dopamine

What emotion relataes to major keys?

– Major keys = happy, peaceful

What emotion relates to minor keys?

– Minor keys = scary, sad

What emotion relates to slow tempo?

– Slow tempo = sad, peaceful

What emotion relates to fast tempo?

– Fast tempo = happy

True/False: Decreasing dissonance can increase tension in listener

false

Describe how and why music is being used with dementia patients.

The ability of music to elicit autobiographical memories has led to the use of music as a therapeutic tool for people with Alzheimer’s disease who suffer large impairments of memory.

Personalized music, such as familiar songs from a person's youth, is used to foster emotional connections, reduce anxiety, and improve quality of life, allowing patients to engage, sing, or dance even in advanced stages

Musical behaviors can activate nearly every region of the brain

What are “MEAMs”? Give an example

music evoked autobiographical memories

You are at a grocery store and a popular song from 2015 starts playing over the speakers. Suddenly, you feel a strong sense of nostalgia and clearly remember sitting on a sunny beach with your best friend during summer break, listening to that exact song on a small radio.

True/False: Music and language processing in the brain-some overlap, but mostly separate mechanisms.

True

What is musical syntax?

“rules” that specify how notes and chords should be combined.

Violations in expectancy cause both __________and ________effects.

physiological and behavioral