Mr. Johnson Chapter 15

Problem with League of Nations

The United States did not join so it was weakened.

French enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles

Germany has to bay $33 billion (132 billion marks) in annual installments of 2 billion marks. One year later, Germany is broke and cannot pay. French troops occupied the Ruhr valley (an industrial and mining center) to get their reparations from the factories there.

What did the Treaty of Versailles do to Germany?

The treaty crushed Germany

What does inflation mean?

Prices go up and a currency's value goes down.

What did Germany do to cause inflation?

Government printing money + workers on strike + printing even more money = Added Inflation in Germany

Dollar to mark conversion

1914: 4.2 marks = $1

1923: 4.2 trillion marks = $1

Dawes Plan

An American business person's loan to Germany to pay reparations. Didn't work because of Great Depression and businesses went bankrupt.

Dawes Plan explanation

U.S. Business Loans -> Germany -> (1) Reparation payment for Treaty of Versailles (2) Great Britain (3) France -> Britain and France paid U.S. businesses back for loans during World War I

Treaty of Locarno

Signed in 1925, guaranteed Germany's borders with France and Belgium, promised a spirit of Cooperation

Kellogg - Briand Pact (1928)

65 countries signed to renounce war as a way of diplomacy

Great Depression

Started in Europe because of debt and war, came to the US later. Caused by economic collapse.

What if the U.S. did not profit off of WW1?

If the U.S. did not profit off of WW1 or if it was fought on U.S. soil, the country would have gotten the depression a lot earlier.

What is the stock market based off of?

People being nosy

Recession meaning

an extended decline in general business activity, typically three consecutive quarters (9 months) of falling real gross national products.

Depression meaning

A period of drastic decline in a national or international economy, characterized by decreasing business activity, falling prices, and unemployment (long term or extended recession and usually international)

What got the U.S. into the Great Depression?

Overproduction + stock market crash = Great Depression

Overproduction example

5 people work at footlocker and they need to sell 100 pairs of shoes in 1 week — that did not happen. In the second week, they got more shoes so now they have 200 pairs of shoes to sell. The shoes go on sell from $100 -> $50. The third week they got even more shoes and prices drop to $25. The hours of the employees are reduced because they are not getting business, soon enough, they are laid off. When employees are laid off, they cannot pay bills, and those companies repeat the cycle.

How did countries respond to the Great Depression?

Increased government activity in the economy, led people to follow dictators who promised simple solutions.

Germany response to Great Depression

Allies unwilling to work with Germany's autocratic government, they negotiated with Germany's New Social Democrats.

Germany's government shifts

Autocratic -> New Social Democrats -> Weimar Republic

Issue with Weimar Republic

Economic problems (inherited from past government)

German Depression Efffect

Fear and the rise of extremist parties

France response to Great Depression

Popular Front was formed

French New Deal

Great Britain response to Great Depression

The Labour Party

Issues: failed to solve the country's economic problems

How did the conservatives turn Great Britain around?

Traditional policies of balanced budgets and protective tariffs

What is a balanced budget?

Only spending the amount of money you have

John Maynard Keynes

Disagreed with British politicians. Said that unemployment came from a decline in demand

President of US during Great Depression

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

Issue with President Herbert Hoover

The depression started with Hoover, but he can't relate to poor people because he is rich. He prolonged the depression by doing things that were counterproductive

FDR's Solution (New Deal)

Government created new jobs = New Deal Programs

- create jobs -> get paid -> take taxes -> go shopping -> sales tax

- government makes more money than it spent in the first place

Windfall meaning

Money that comes out of the blue, people spend it on stuff they have no business buying

Positives of the New Deal

Preventing a social revolution in the US (Greed and capitalism caused the Great Depression)

Negatives of the New Deal

Did not solve the unemployment issues

What brings the US out of the Great Depression

WWII

Themes and authors for Lost Generation

Authors of the lost generation: Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein

Theme of Lost Generation: WWI related death and destruction

Themes for Dadaists

Life has no purpose

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

Atoms were made of smaller parts and that all physical laws are based on uncertainty. Threw a wrench in science because he claimed that all things were uncertain

Totalitarian meaning

total control of every aspect of the country

Socialism meaning

An economic system in which the means of producing and distributing goods is owned by the government

Communism meaning

Advocates the collect ownership of property and the organization of labor for the common advantage of all members. While communism is first and foremost an economic system, it's also a political ideology that rejects religion. Religion creates competition.

Fascism meaning

Uses a central authority to maintain control, but terror and censorship are common. It results from economic failure in democratic political systems. Interestingly, while socialism and communism are both on the left ends of the political spectrum, fascism contains elements of both left and right ideology and rises from economic collapse. Fascists always have a scapegoat.

System hierarchy

Socialism < communism < fascism

Why was fascism so attractive?

Middle class feared socialism and communism because they would be equal to the lower classes. Fascism kept social classes intact as long as they obey.

The Fascist State (Italy)

Total control over media

Hopes of organizations: create fit, disciplined, and war-loving Italians

Most powerful person/group in Italy at this time

Pope is the most powerful person and Catholics are the most powerful group

Mussolini and Catholic Church Deal

Recognized that Catholicism is the religion of the state. Church urges Catholics to support Mussolini.

What is the first thing Lenin + Bolsheviks did?

Russia in trouble during WW1 so they took it out of the war.

Why did the peasants chant "Down with Lenin'?

The peasants are starving (back to where they started)

Government was controlling all of the resources and gave none to the peasants

Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP)

War communism -> NEP (capitalism) **Industry, banking, and mines = government owned

Lenin's death caused what?

A struggle for power in the politburo

Trotsky vs. Politburo

Trotsky: End NEP, Russia on a path of rapid industrialization, anti-peasant, want communism

Politburo: keep socialism, keep NEP, pro-peasant

Which group does Stalin come from

Politburo

Stalin and His 5 Year Plans

Objective: Russia from farming -> industry

Focus: Military and capital goods

Successful? Yes - quadrupled production of heavy machinery and doubled oil production. Steel 4 million tons -> 18 million tons

Economic system shift in Russia

NEP -> collectivization

Collectivization meaning

Private farms are eliminated, peasants work on land owned by the government.

Did peasants like collectivization?

No, they hoarded food and killed livestock to eat

Effects of collectivization

Great Purge

What is the Great Purge

Expelled army officers, diplomats, union officials, intellectuals, and ordinary citizens for going against Stalin

Authoritarian meaning

Favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority, especially that of the government at the expense of personal freedom.

Eastern Europe

Parliamentary (Democratic) -> Authoritarian

Why did they switch to authoritarianism?

They were struggling financially due to WW1

Reasons why democracy failed

Countries did not have a long time to experiment with democracy

Rural and agrarian

Large landowners still dominated the land

Middle class feared land reform

Feared communist upheaval and ethnic conflict

Spain

Did democracy thrive?

No because Spanish military forces revolted against it, led to a civil war

Spanish Civil War

Who vs. Who? Spain's government vs. Spain's military

Who won? Spain's military

Who led it? Francisco Franco

What did he do with democracy? Established a dictatorship

Nationalism meaning

Emphasizes a unity of cultural past with inclusion of the language heritage

What happened in 1919?

Hitler joined the German's workers Party (GWP)

What is the German's Workers Party?

A labor union

What happened in 1921 in Germany?

Hitler took control of the GWP and named it the national socialist German Workers Party (Nazi)

What happened in 1923 in Germany?

Hitler staged an uprising against the government in Munich and gets arrested.

What did Hitler write in prison?

Mein Kampf (My struggle) and got arrested. It is about how he is going to make Germany great again.

How did Hitler get into power?

By legal obtainment, turning the Nazi party form a labor party to political party and got voted in.

What led to the Nazi Party rise to power?

Germany's economic problems

What were Hitler's promises?

A new Germany that appealed to nationalism and militarism

Evolution of Germany's government

Monarchy (autocratic) -> New Social Democrats -> Weimar Republic -> Nazi

Who ran the show before Hitler?

President Heidenberg -> Reichstag (Congress)

- issue: they are both weak and Hitler was able to take control

What happened in Germany in 1933?

Enabling act = constitution suspended

- effect: Hitler takes over

What is a concentration camp?

Detains a person for who they are, not what they do

Aryan state objective:

Dominate Europe for generations to come

Aryan characteristics

European, white, German

Blonde

Blue Eyes

Tall

Narrow Noses

What is the issue? (His misuse of Aryan)

Aryan's are actually Indian and invented the caste system. (Swastika is Indian)

What happened in 1939?

WW2 Began

The Police in Nazi Germany

Schutestaffen -> SS -> Secret Police

Which movie is modeled after Hitler and Nazi Germany?

Star Wars

Adolf Hitler = Darth Vader

Secret Police Principles

Terror and ideology to further the Aryan race

What happened if someone messed up in Nazi Germany?

Hitler killed them on the spot, there was no room for error

Nazi Germany Economic

Public works projects and grants to private construction firms to put people back to work (New Deal)

Do the Nazi Germany Economic policies work?

Yes, rearmaments brought unemployment from 5 million in 1932 to < 500,000 in 1937.

Why did people accept Hitler and the Nazis?

He fixed the economy

Women and Nazism

Role is to be the bearers of the Aryan race

Gender roles for men and women in Nazi Germany

Men: political leaders and warriors

Women: wives, mothers, social workers, and nurses

Campaign for women

"Get hold of pots and pans and broom and you'll sooner find a groom!"

Semitic Meaning

Hebrew, Jewish, and Arab people. The label switched because a Jew in Eastern Europe who is tired of prosecuted against — they lumped in all Semitic people into just being Jews.

Nuremberg Laws

Stripped Jewish people of German citizenship

Stripped Jews of civil rights

Forbade German and Jewish marriages

Took laws from Jim Crow

Kristallnact

Night where Nazis went after Jews — burned businesses, synagogues, and went full blow concentration camp.

How did the Nazi's know who was Jewish?

They didn't, Jews were European and white. They knew because Jews lived in tight-knit communities, the problem came when Jewish people moved outside of their communities.

Mass communication

Evolution of radio and motion pictures (movies).

U.S. use for radio vs. Europe use for radio

In U.S. radio is used for commercial and entertainment, Europe radio is used by government for propaganda

Government propaganda

Adolf Hitler and the Nazis were great at propaganda

-Movies, radios, discussions, rallies -> same message, different forms

Mass leisure

programs that offered a variety of activities to amuse the working class (operas, films, guided tours, sporting events)

Do the people of Germany know that the Holocaust is happening?

German people were fully aware of the Jews being taken. None of the concentration camps were in Germany so the only way to know about those is by being in the military.