Honors Global History Reformation Test

Test on 11/21

Jan Hus (or John Hus) was a _____ reformer.

Czech

What did Jan Hus believe/realize?

• He realized that the Bible never mentioned the word “Pope”

• He believed that the Bible should be in the local (or vanacular) language

What happened to Jan Hus after he voiced his thoughts?

He was burnt at the stake for being a “heretic” after speaking at a church meeting with the clergy.

Who were the Fuggers?

They were the banking family of Germany, also referred to as the “Medicis of the North”.

True or False: Jacob the Rich (one of the most wealthiest men at the time) helped the Fugger family get rich by loaning money to Charles V

True

Charles V was both the King of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor. This was because one side of his family were the _______ family that ruled Spain.

Hapsburg

Who created the printing press?

Gutenberg

Martin Luther originally aspired to become a _________.

Lawyer

Why did Luther decide to become a monk?

He was “saved by God” during a severe thunderstorm

Luther became part of the ___________ order.

Augustinian

What was Luther disappointed greatly when he went on a religious pilgrimage to Rome?

Pope Julius II and Leo X were very secular and corrupt, leading to Luther’s dissapointment in realizing that the leaders of Christianity were barely religious

What did Luther believe?

He believed that salvation could only take place between you and God alone (no Pope involved, no indulgences, etc.)

What does “sola fide” or “only faith” refer to?

It refers to Luther’s beliefs about how salvation can only take place between individuals and God alone. (Only faith can save you from Hell, not indulgences)

What is the name of the most famous document Luther created?

The 95 Thesis

Where and when did Luther post his famous document?

Wittenberg Church, October 31st (All Hallow’s Eve) 1517

What specific church abuse did Luther point out in his document?

Indulgences

The _____ _____ greatly helped with Luther’s ideas spreading through Europe by translating his document into the local languages.

printing press

What did Luther do with the Papal Bull he recieved in 1520?

He burnt the Papal Bull in public

Which pope excomunnicated Luther?

Pope Leo X

What was the Diet of Worms?

A meeting where Luther was supposed to admit that his ideas were wrong in front of the HRE as well as many princes of Germany and members of the high clergy

Why did Charles V decide to invite Luther into the Diet of Worms?

Fredierick the Wise convinced him to let Luther present his case in front of Charles V before he was handed over to the church

What was the Edict of Worms?

It was an edict (an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority) made by Charles V that forbade anyone to shelter or help Martin Luther.

What famous thing did Luther say when he was presented before Charles V in the Diet of Worms?

“Here I stand” (Luther refused to take back his ideas)

Who was the Duke of Saxony that supported and helped Luther?

Frederick the Wise

Luther was given 30 days to run before Charles V would hunt him down. As he was leaving Worms, _________ kidnapped him and took him to _______ so that Luther wouldn’t be captured by the church.

Frederick the Wise, Wartburg Castle

The Northern region of Germany is called _______, the middle region is called ________, and the lower region is called _______

Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria

Who was Johann Tetzel?

He was the greatest seller of indulgences for the Church

What started the Peasant’s Revolt?

Luther’s writing about how “a christian man is the most free lord of all” inspired many of the lower social class to rise against their lords

Which side did Luther take in the Peasant’s Revolt?

Luther condemmned the Peasant’s Revolt and gave the nobles permission to kill the revolting peasants.

Luther also disliked _____ and wrote about them in his writings. Some historians argue that Luther’s beliefs about them influenced Hitler’s thoughts in WW2.

Jews

What was the new church that split off from the Catholic church called? (before other reformers began spliting this church into different parts)

The Protestant Church

Who was John Calvin?

A swiss reformer who started Calvinism

Where did John Calvin become the leader of?

Geneva, Switzerland

What did John Calvin believe?

He believed that God had already chosen who was going to heaven and hell beforehand.

What was John Calvin’s doctrine (beliefs) known as?

Predestination

What were the people who were chosen to go to Heaven called?

The Elect

What does TULIP signify?

It signifies that Calvinists desired a simple, strict life in order to go to heaven.

Calvinists from Englad were called ______ and Calvinists from Scotland were known as ________.

Puritans, Presbyterians

What was the Marburg Colloquy and who was it between?

The Marburg Colloquy was a meeting at Marburg Castle in Germany that attempted to solve a dispute between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

Who won the Marburg Colloquy?

Neither Luther nor Zwingli won, as both reformers couldn’t come to an agreement

Who was Ulrich Zwingli?

He was one of the most important Swiss Reformers during the Reformation

Who did Zwingli debate against in the Marburg Colloquy?

Martin Luther

Where was Zwingli’s reformation centered in?

Switzerland

What was Zwingli’s main belief?

He believed that the state governed with divine sanction, there was no need for the Pope nor the doctrines that prohibited many things, and that the Bible should apply to every part of life.

Who was John Knox?

He was a scottish preacher who spread Calvinism to Scotland

Which nation did John Knox prech in?

Scotland

Which churh did John Knox start?

The Prebysterian church

Who was George Fox?

A reformer who started the Quaker movement

Why did the Quakers get kicked out to Pennsylvania?

They refused to fight for England (they were pacifists; one of the most famous members was William Penn)

What were the Anabaptists known for?

They baptized people who were old enough to be christian (they rebaptized people who were baptized when they were young)

What did the Anabaptists believe?

They believed that the church and the state should be separate, share possessions, and refuse to fight in wars (were pacifists).

True or False: The Anabaptists later influenced Quakers

True

How did the Catholics and Protestant treat Anabaptists?

Both sides hunted Anabaptists down for being “heretics”.

Who was John Wycliffe?

He was the first person to translate the entire Bible into English

Who was Francis Xavier?

He was a dedicated Catholic missionary who spread the word of the gospel to Africa, India, China, and Japan.

_______ was one of the founders of the Jesuits and pushed the importance of education.

 Ignatius of Loyola

Which 2 reformers founded the Jesuits?

Francis Xavier and  Ignatius of Loyola

Who is Bartolome de las Casas?

He was arguably the first human rights advocate for the Native and African slave population.

What did Balboa do?

He reached and named the Pacific Ocean

Pizzaro conquered _______ in 1532.

Inca

Cortez conquered the _______ in ________. (1519)

Aztecs, Mexico

What were some reasons why Cortez’s conquest was so successful?

• Aztects thought he was god/feared him because of the new things they saw (horses and guns)

• He burnt his own ships so his men couldn’t retreat

• He recieved the support of other native tribes

• Smallpox and other diseases wiped out 90~95% of the native population

Who was the leader of the Aztects?

Montezuma

What is the best way to describe Tenochtitlan?

The Aztec Capital

Which 2 big empires in the New World were conquered by Conquistadors?

The Aztecs and the Incas

After conquering the New World, _____ and _____ flooded into Spain, making them incredibly rich. The amount increased so much to a point where inflation happened and destroyed the Spainish economy

Gold, Silver

What were the names of ships used to transport the gold and silver from the New World to Spain?

Spanish Galleons

What is the Basque region of Spain significant?

Most of the lumber and sailors that were used to transport goods from the New World to Spain were from the Basque region.

Where is the city of Seville located in? (What region of Spain)

Andalusia

The pirate ___________ tried to loot Panama in the _____________. When he failed, he tried to loot a church. His pirate ship was named Satisfaction.

Captain Morgan, Sack of Panama

______ was known as “white gold”. In order to gain this, many Native and African slaves were worked to death obtaining this.

Sugar

What was the Columbian Exchange?

It was an exchange of many things (both good and bad) from Europe to the New World.

(ex: Tomatoes and corn were introduced to Europe from the New World while horses and smallpox were introduced from Europe to the New World)

What were some of Charles V’s problems?

• Managing overseas empire (New World, etc.)

• Luther’s new religious movement

• Peasant Revolts

• Battled local princes for power

• Fought wars against France and Ottoman Turks

What does it mean to “abdicate” a throne?

To “abdicate” means to “give up” or “resign”

Who did Charles V abdicate his throne(s) to?

His son (Philip II) got Spain and the New World while his Brother (Ferdinand) got the Holy Roman Empire

What was the Council of Trent?

A meeting that discussed what the Church could improve upon and why people don’t like it

What was the purpose of the Jesuits?

To educate and take care of the masses (especially the ones in need), prevent the spread of the Protestants, and to revive Catholicism.

The farther _____ you went, the more Protestant the countries were in Europe

North

How were the churches divided in the Reformation?

• Roman Catholic

• Protestants

  • Lutheran

  • Calvinism

    • Presbyterians

    • Huguenots

    • Puritans

      • Pilgrims

      • Quakers

The 30 year’s war began as a ______ war between _______ and _______.

religious, Catholics, Protestants

What started the 30 Year’s War?

The Defenestration of Prague

What was the Defenestration of Prague?

Protestants and Catholic people got into a disagreement in Prauge (in Bohemia) and the Protestants threw the Catholics out of a window

Which religion were the Hapsburgs (Spain/HRE)?

Catholic

Whose side did France take in the 30 Year’s War? Why?

France took the side of the Protestant side (even though they were mainly Catholic). This is because they wanted to hurt the Hapsburgs since they were both ruling the Holy Roman Empire and Spain

Which side did the Papal States (and the Pope) take in the 30 year’s war?

The Protestant side

What were the 4 phases of the 30 year’s war?

The Bohemian Phase (Defenestraition of Prague), The Danish Phase (Denmark joins Protestants), The Swedish Phase (Sweden joins Protestants), and the Franco-German Phase (France joins Protestants)

Who was the person who got France involved in the War for politics rather than religion and can be argued to have started Capitalism?

Cardinal Richelieu

The __________ can be described as something along the lines of a “modern European peace conference” that ended teh 30 year’s war.

Peace of Westphalia

What were 2 new countries that became independent after the 30 year’s war ended?

Switzerland and Netherlands

What were the results of the 30 Year’s War?

• Nationalism appeared (“I am French” instead of “I am Catholic”)

• Germany (HRE)’s economy was in shambles (led to next point)

• England/France rose to power after HRE’s power declined

The end of the 30 Year’s War set the tone for European politics, as it ended war for ______ and instead made war all about _______.

Religion, Politics

Recant

to renounce, to take back

(ex: Martin Luther was supposed to recant his ideas in the Diet of Worms.)

What was the Index?

a list of books typically from Protestants that were forbidden to “good Catholics” that was decided in the Council of Trent during the Counter Reformation

Dogma

Ideas in a religious or political system

(ex: The Council of Trent reaffirmed Church dogma so that it was more religious rather than secular.)

Cantons

Regions in Switzerland (like States in the USA)

Holland

A region in the Netherlands (like States in the USA)

Commodity

Raw material you can buy and sell in bulk

(ex: Barrels of oil, gold/silver, corn, wheat, etc.)

Economic Bubble

When prices of certain things go up too much when it really shouldn’t

(ex: Housing market goes up too much, people realize it really wasn’t worth it, tries to leave all at once, leads to bad economy once bubble bursts)

Speculation

When people put money into markets trying to make money (can lead to economic bubbles)

House of Orange

The Royal family of the Netherlands