LIS (Calvin Cycle)

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Last updated 8:12 PM on 4/23/26
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9 Terms

1
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Where does light independent stage occur?

Stroma

2
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How many times does the Calvin Cycle occur?

6 times

3
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What are the 3 main stages of the Calvin Cycle?

  1. Carbon Fixation

  2. Reduction

  3. Regeneration

4
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Carbon Fixation

  1. CO2 (1C) combines w. RuBP (5C), catalysed by RuBisCO to produce unstable 6C intermediate

    1. C in CO2 has been fixed (incorporated from external environment into organic molecule)

  2. 6C breaks down forming 2 GP molecules (3C each)

<ol><li><p><mark data-color="#4ec2df" style="background-color: rgb(78, 194, 223); color: inherit;">CO<sub>2</sub></mark><sub> </sub>(1C) <strong><u>combines </u></strong>w. <mark data-color="#dc82d7" style="background-color: rgb(220, 130, 215); color: inherit;">RuBP</mark> (5C), catalysed by <em><u>RuBisCO</u></em> to produce <strong>unstable 6C intermediate</strong></p><ol><li><p>C in CO<sub>2</sub> has been fixed (incorporated from external environment into organic molecule)</p></li></ol></li><li><p>6C<span style="color: red;"> breaks down</span> forming<mark data-color="blue" style="background-color: blue; color: inherit;"> 2 GP molecules</mark> (3C each)</p></li></ol><p></p>
5
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Reduction

  1. Energy from 2 ATP & 2 H from 2 red.NADP used to reduce 2 GP to 2TP (triose phosphate)

    1. Supplied from LD reactions

    2. Produces 2 ADP

<ol start="3"><li><p>Energy from<mark data-color="#828ddd" style="background-color: rgb(130, 141, 221); color: inherit;"> 2 ATP</mark> &amp; <mark data-color="#e5b16e" style="background-color: rgb(229, 177, 110); color: inherit;">2 H</mark> from <mark data-color="#d7b172" style="background-color: rgb(215, 177, 114); color: inherit;">2 red.NADP</mark> used to<strong><u> reduce</u></strong><mark data-color="blue" style="background-color: blue; color: inherit;"> 2 GP</mark> to <mark data-color="purple" style="background-color: purple; color: inherit;">2TP </mark>(triose phosphate)</p><ol><li><p>Supplied from <em><u>LD reactions</u></em></p></li><li><p>Produces<strong> 2 ADP</strong></p></li></ol></li></ol><p></p>
6
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Regeneration

  1. 5/6 of TP molecules used to regenerate RuBP

    1. Requires energy (ATP) from LD reaction

  2. Produces ADP

<ol start="4"><li><p>5/6 of<mark data-color="purple" style="background-color: purple; color: inherit;"> TP </mark>molecules used to<mark data-color="#e28ddd" style="background-color: rgb(226, 141, 221); color: inherit;"> regenerate RuBP</mark></p><ol><li><p>Requires energy<mark data-color="#80a7d0" style="background-color: rgb(128, 167, 208); color: inherit;"> (ATP) </mark>from <strong>LD reaction</strong></p></li></ol></li><li><p><strong><u>Produces ADP</u></strong></p></li></ol><p></p>
7
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What happens to the 1/6 carbon?

Goes towards making glucose

  • Calvin cycle occurs 6 times, each time a carbon from TP goes towards making the glucose, other 5 regenerate RuBP

<p>Goes towards making glucose </p><ul><li><p>Calvin cycle occurs 6 times, each time a carbon from TP goes towards making the glucose, other 5 regenerate RuBP</p></li></ul><p></p>
8
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Why is RuBisCo inefficient?

Is competitively inhibited by oxygen, so a lot are needed to carry out photosynthesis effectively

  • Production of GP reduced

    • Only happens when conc. of CO2 becomes v. low

9
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Uses of TP (triose phosphate)

Starting material for synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids & amino acids

  • Majority of it (5/6) recycled to regenerate RuBP so Calvin Cycle can occur