period five

Redeemers

Southern Democrats worked to regain control of state and local governments that were controlled by the Republicans.

home rule

States regulate and control themselves without any restrictions enacted by the federal government or oversight by the federal government; states enforced local and state laws that oppressed African Americans and kept them in a condition similar to the society that existed before the Civil War.

Nathan Bedford Forrest

First leader (Grand Wizard) of the KKK. A Confederate cavalry officer during the Civil War, he became a prominent figure in the post-war South and was known for his role in the Klan's early activities aimed at undermining Reconstruction efforts.

Ku Klux Klan

Nathan Bedford Forrest is credited with the creation and rise of this organization after the Civil War.

Pulaski, Tennessee

What was the birthplace of the KKK?

Enforcement Acts

Law(s) which allowed the Fed. gov't to prosecute people if they discriminated against voters on the basis of race or interfered with their right to vote and made the violent activities and intimidation tactics of the Ku Klux Klan illegal.

KKK Act

What was the most famous of the Enforcement Acts?

economic and political

Black codes are Southern state and local laws that restrict the ________ and _______ freedoms of African Americans after the Civil War.

black codes

Southern laws designed to restrict the rights of the newly freed black slaves.

sharecropping / tenant farming

A system of farming in the southern U.S. where a person is provided with land, credit for seed, tools, living quarters, and food, in exchange for the value of the crop minus any charges he/she owes.

scalawags

White southerners who sympathized with the Radical Republicans Reconstruction plan.

Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes was elected in a disputed presidential election that had to be decided by a special Congressional commission.

Compromise of 1877

What is another name for the agreement that ended Reconstruction?

Rutherford B. Hayes

Name the man elected in the 1876 election that officially ended Reconstruction.

Sherman's Field Order #15

A military order that redistributed roughly 400,000 acres of land along the rice coast in South Carolina to newly freed black families in forty-acre segments.

Sherman's Field Order #15

Name both the person and the command that redistributed land along from rice plantations in South Carolina to newly freed black families in forty-acre segments.

40 Acres and a mule

Phrase associated with the distribution of land to freed slaves along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia after having been freed by General Sherman.

40 Acres and a mule

Slogan associated with the federal government settling former slaves on confiscated plantation land in the attempt to give the freed slaves an opportunity to farm their own land.

10% Plan

Nickname for Lincoln's Reconstruction plan which proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when a certain number of a state's voters (from the 1860 election) pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to follow Emancipation Proclamation.

10% Plan

What was the nickname given to Abraham Lincoln's Reconstruction plan?

Malice toward none

Phrase uttered by Abraham Lincoln about forgiving the South and moving past the Civil War as quickly as possible.

Malice toward none

Words used by Lincoln that demonstrated how he wanted to unite the North and South as quickly as possible and move on from the horrendous and divisive Civil War.

Wade Davis Bill

Congress's plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for any Confederate official and required that 50% of a state's population take an oath of loyalty to the United States. Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

50%

The Wade-Davis Bill proposed that a state not be readmitted to the union unless _____% of their citizens took an oath of loyalty to the United States.

carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South after the Civil War to gain political advantage or economic advantages from the disorganized situation and devastation in southern states.

carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved south to take advantage of the poor economic conditions in the South and make money. Many also wanted to get elected to local and state government offices.

schooling / education

The Freedmen's Bureau wanted to provide freed slaves food, shelter, medical care and ______.

food, shelter and medical care

Besides education, what were 3 other things the Freedmen's Bureau wanted to provide freed slaves?

Freedmen's Bureau

Federal government agency founded during Reconstruction to help former slaves adjust to their new lives.

Freedmen

Another name for the newly emancipated slaves; this term was used after the Civil War was over.

Ku Klux Klan

What is the full name of the KKK?

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

13th Amendment

What Constitutional amendment abolished slavery?

1865 (the same year the Civl War ended)

When was slavery abolished via Constitutional amendment?

Andrew Johnson

He was vice-president when Lincoln was killed and became the 17th president of the United States.

Andrew Johnson

He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.

Southerners with more than $20,000 in property did not get an easy pardon.
Because Andrew Johnson felt that the wealthy southern gentry were the most to blame for the Civil War, he placed this restriction on them. They had to get a special pardon directly from Johnson.

What was Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction Plan?

Black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; these were passed by southern states following the Civil War

Radical Republicans

A specific group of political party members that favored harsh punishment of Southern states after civil war.

Ben Wade (OH)
Thaddeus Stevens (PA)
Charles Sumner (MA)

Name the leaders of the Radical Republicans.

Thaddeus Stevens

He was a leader of the Radical Republican faction and he represented the state of Pennsylvania.

Ben Wade

He was a leader of the Radical Republican faction and he represented the state of Ohio.

Charles Sumner

He was a leader of the Radical Republican faction and he represented the state of Massachusetts.

1866 Civil Rights Act

Law that established citizenship and equal protection for African Americans; President Johnson vetoed this bill however Congress overrode Johnson's veto.

1866

The year the first Civil Rights Act was passed.

Freedmen's Bureau Extension
1866 Civil Rights Act (must know the year)

List two laws, both aimed at helping African Americans, that President Andrew Johnson vetoed during his presidency.

14th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that declared that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws.

equal protection under the law

Important phrase from the 14th Amendment that would help the legal treatment of African Americans

1. African American citizenship
2. "equal protection under the law"

What are the two parts to the 14th Amendment?

1867 Reconstruction Act

Divided the former Confederate states into 5 different military districts. It militarized South and said southern states needed to ratify the 14th amendment and give suffrage to adult male African Americans to be readmitted to the Union.

1867 Tenure of Office Act

This law, passed by the Radical Republicans, stopped the president from removing officeholders without Senate approval.

1867 Tenure of Office Act

What law was Andrew Johnson impeached for supposedly violating?

Edwin Stanton

He was the Secretary of War in President Johnson's Cabinet. He thought Johnson's Reconstruction plans were too lenient towards the South.

House of Representatives

Who was the power to impeach?

Senate

Who was the power to decide guilt or innocence after impeachment?

"waving the bloody shirt"

This was a campaign tactic used by post-Civil War Republicans to remind northern voters that the Confederates were Democrats. The device was used to divert attention away from the competence of candidates and from serious issues. It was also used to appeal to black voters in the South.

Republican Party

Which political party "waved the bloody shirt?"

Union soldiers' blood

In reference to the phrase "waving the bloody shirt", whose blood was supposedly on the shirt?

15th Amendment

Constitutional amendment granting African American males the right to vote.

15th Amendment

What Amendment dealt with enfranchisement for African Americans?

15th Amendment

What Amendment dealt with African American suffrage?

1870

What year was the 15th Amendment ratified?

scalawags

Southern whites who supported Republican policies during reconstruction.

Indian Ring Scandal

During the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, merchants paid bribes to government officials in order to be allowed to open up stores on Native American reservations in the western U.S.

Whiskey Ring Scandal

Before they were caught, a group of mostly Republican politicians were able to siphon off millions of dollars in federal taxes on liquor; the scheme involved an extensive network of bribes involving tax collectors, storekeepers, and others.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president not to investigate their wrongdoing.

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression that began with the collapse of stock prices (values) of several major railroad companies. When the stock market plummeted it also led to the failure of Jay Cooke & Company, one of the largest NY banks. The Jay Cooke & Company bank was involved in heavily financing railroads.The Panic of 1873 marked the beginning of a severe economic downturn that significantly impacted the United States, leading to widespread unemployment and bank failures.

Democrats had regained the House of Representatives.

By 1874, how had Congress changed politically?

bayonet rule

A term used to describe the use of federal troops to enforce Reconstruction laws and maintain order in the South, often viewed as oppressive by Southern Democrats.

1867 Military Reconstruction Act

This 1867 Military Reconstruction Act was aimed to reestablishing order in the South after the Civil War.

The 1867 Military Reconstruction Act was legislation that divided the South into military districts and required federal troops to oversee the implementation of Reconstruction policies, thereby enforcing order and protecting the rights of freedmen; this was often done with the threat of force (hence the term bayonet rule). A bayonet is a sharp knife attached to the end of a rifle.

What law does the term “bayonet rule” align with?

Enrollment Act

Union draft law that started the conscription (drafting) of men to serve in the Union Army. Wealthy Americans could escape service by paying $300 or hiring a substitute created widespread resentment.

NY Draft Riot

After passage of the Enrollment Act, Irish immigrants protested agains the law and there was a lot of tension between Irish and free African Americans in the city. Hundreds of lives were lost and many buildings were burned.

War Democrats

Name given to the faction of Democrats during the Civil War that supported the Lincoln and the effort to keep the Union intact.

Peace Democrats / Copperheads

Name given to the faction of Democrats during the Civil War that opposed the war and wanted the Union to negotiate with the South to end the conflict.

habeas corpus

A law that requires a person who is under arrest to be brought into court and be shown the lawful reasons why they are being detained.

habeas corpus

Because of protests against the Civil War, President Lincoln suspended this Constitutional right during the Civil War. Anyone rebelling against the US would be jailed and would not be able to challenge their detention in court. This action was controversial and led to debates about civil liberties.

martial law

Type of rule in which the military is in charge and citizens' rights are suspended.

Ex Parte Milligan

SCOTUS case which ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under martial law.

1.levy taxes (income taxes)
2. Issue paper currency (green backs)
3. Borrowing money (war bonds and loans)

What were 3 ways the Union financed the Civil War?

greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Its value would fluctuate depending on whether the war was going well or badly for the Union Army.

Morrill Tariffs

Civil War tariffs that brought the average tariff rate to about 47 percent by war's end—approximately the same level as the Tariff of Abominations in 1828!

1862 Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay $10.

1862 Morrill Land Grant

Gave public land to state governments who created agricultural and technical colleges. The first 5 universities created were Iowa State - 1st (1862), Penn State - 2nd (1862)
Kansas State - 3rd (1863), Rutgers - 4th (1864), Ohio State - 5th (1870). (You DO NOT need to know the order or dates of these!)

1862 Pacific RR Act (Transcontinental RR)

1862 authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link California to the eastern U.S.

Confiscation Acts

Series of laws passed by federal government designed to authorize Union seizure of rebel property and the freeing of slaves the Union Army encountered.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by President Lincoln on January 1st, 1863 it declared that all slaves in the Confederate states were free.

54th Massachusetts

First and most famous African American regiment assembled in the Union Army.

southern inflation

The Confederate States of America printed a great deal of money during the war and prices of goods in the south skyrocketed out of control.

Dorothea Dix

Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War, she mobilized large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals.

Clara Barton

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Union

Another name for the United States of America during the Civil War.

Confederacy

Another name for the Confederate States of America during the Civil War.

MO (Missouri)
DE (Delaware)
KY (Kentucky)
MD (Maryland)

What were the border states during the Civil War?

A slave state that decided NOT to leave the union; the state remained part of the United Stats of America.

What is a "border state" during the Civil War?

The Union possessed more:
1. manufacturing plants
2. more industrial workers
3. more miles of railroad track and more railroad equipment
4. more of the nation's bank deposits

What were the economic differences between the Union and Confederacy?

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for:
1. blockade of southern coast
2. capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, VA
3. capture the Mississippi River and cut the South in two

1st Bull Run / 1st Manassas

What was the first large full scale battle of the Civil War?

blockade runner

A Confederate ship that runs smuggled goods past Union ships that are trying to stop Confederate trade

Ulysses S. Grant

Head General of the Union Army at the end of the Civil War

Monitor vs. Merrimack

What was the first battle of ironclad ships during the Civil War?