BIOL 244L Quiz 1 Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards for BIOL 244L Quiz 1 cover the endocrine system, including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas.

Pituitary Gland Structure

Consists of two distinct lobes: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

The two hormones secreted by this gland are oxytocin and $ADH$ ($\text{antidiuretic hormone}$).

Oxytocin Functions

1. Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. 2. Promotes milk ejection during breastfeeding.

$$ADH$$

Stands for $\text{Antidiuretic Hormone}$; its functions include promoting water retention by the kidneys to increase blood volume and pressure.

Vasopressin

The over-the-counter or synthetic hormone equivalent of $ADH$ ($\text{Antidiuretic Hormone}$).

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

The six hormones secreted are: 1. Prolactin ($PRL$), 2. Growth Hormone ($GH$), 3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ($ACTH$), 4. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone ($TSH$), 5. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone ($FSH$), and 6. Luteinizing Hormone ($LH$).

Prolactin ($PRL$) Function

Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.

$FSH$ vs. $LH$

$FSH$ ($\text{Follicle-Stimulating Hormone}$) stimulates gamete (sperm/egg) production, while $LH$ ($\text{Luteinizing Hormone}$) stimulates the production of sex hormones.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ($ACTH$) Function

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones.

Posterior Pituitary Secretion Pathway

The hormones are secreted mainly into the blood flow (capillary beds) rather than nerve tissue, though the gland itself is an extension of neural tissue.

Thyroid Hormones

The two types are $T_3$ ($\text{triiodothyronine}$) and $T_4$ ($\text{thyroxine}$).

Thyroid Gland Main Function

Regulation of the body's metabolism.

$PTH$ ($\text{Parathyroid Hormone}$)

Secreted from the parathyroid glands to increase calcium levels in the blood.

Parathyroid Calcium Regulation

Three methods to increase blood calcium: 1. Stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone, 2. Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and 3. Activating Vitamin D to increase calcium absorption in the gut.

Parathyroid Gland Location

Located on the posterior (back) side of the thyroid gland.

Adrenal Gland Sections

Divided into the outer cortex and the inner medulla.

Adrenal Cortex Regions

From outermost to innermost: 1. Zona glomerulosa, 2. Zona fasciculata, and 3. Zona reticularis.

Zona Glomerulosa Function

Secretes mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone) to regulate salt and water balance.

Zona Fasciculata Function

Secretes glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol) to regulate glucose metabolism and the stress response.

Zona Reticularis Function

Secretes androgens (sex hormones).

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Adrenal Medulla Purpose

Facilitates the fight-or-flight response during periods of acute stress.

Pancreas Parts

The head, the body, and the tail.

Pancreas Abdominal Quadrants

The pancreas lies across the Right Upper Quadrant ($RUQ$) and the Left Upper Quadrant ($LUQ$).

Pancreas General Function

Acts as an exocrine gland for digestion (releasing enzymes) and an endocrine gland for blood sugar regulation.

Insulin vs. Glucagon

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon raises blood glucose levels.

Primary Male Sexual Organs

The testes; their primary function is sperm production and testosterone secretion.

Primary Female Sexual Organs

The ovaries; they release the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

Calcitonin vs. $PTH$

Calcitonin (from the thyroid) lowers blood calcium levels, while $PTH$ (from the parathyroid) raises blood calcium levels.