NUR 220: FINAL- Human Development 1

Growth definition

• The process of increasing in physical size

• proceeds in an orderly + predictable pattern head to toe

Development definition

• the progressive acquisition of various skills

• head support, speaking, learning, expressing feelings

Nature vs Nurture

• Nature: Development is predetermined at birth

• Nurture: Development is based on the child’s environment

Continuous theories:

state that development is a gradual, continuous process from infancy to adulthood

Discontinuous theories:

State that development occurs in a series of distinct stages triggered by inborn factors

Newborn age

birth until 3 months

Infant age

birth until 1 year

Erikson’s stage (newborn)

trust vs mistrust (birth - 1 year)

• trusting others to meet needs (feeding + comfort)

Eating for newborns

formula OR breastmilk (fed is best)

• should be IRON fortified formula

• cow’s milk used > 1 year

• they eat Q2-3H

• solid foods start at 6 months

What are the indicators that a baby might be ready to try solid foods?

Baby sits up unsupported and shows interest in food!

Sleep patterns for newborns/infants

Should average 15 hrs of sleep a day

T OR F: Babies use crying as a form of communication

TRUE (they can’t talk so crying helps express their feelings)

What type of play do infants do?

Solitary play → playing by themselves

What are some toy options for infants?

• rattles

• sensory objects

• anything to chew on

Major developments @ 3 months old:

babbles + smiles @ caregivers voice

Major developments @ 4-6 months old:

Rolls! (roll on the floor rhymes with four)

Major developments @ 8-9 months old:

• Stranger anxiety

• Pincer grasp (able to eat solids)

• object permanence

Major developments @ 12 months old:

• Says ma-ma and da-da

• Separation anxiety

Safe sleep for newborns

All by themselves

Be on their back

Cosleep → EDUCATE PARENTS

Button Batteries

Dangerous for infants → they swallow them (educate parents!)

Toddler age range:

1-3 years old

Erikson’s stage for toddlers

Autonomy vs. shame + doubt

• they are independent

• can show regression in response to anxiety (wetting the bed while in hospital)

Emotional growth in toddlers

• Tantrums: have age-appropriate expectations

• Offer choices (peas or carrots)

• Picky eaters = HIGH aspiration risk

Sleep expectations for toddlers

• transfer to toddler bed

• FOMO (doesn’t want to go to bed)

The nurse is going to teach a woman from a culture unfamiliar to the nurse about child-rearing practices. What action by the nurse is best before planning the education?

A. Determine if the woman is the primary family decision maker

B. Ensure the availability of written material to give the woman

C. Assess what practices are important to her cultural group

D. Refer the woman to a prenatal educational class

C. Assess what practices are important to her cultural group

Mobility in toddlers

• 12-13 months, begin to ambulate

• age 2 can go up + down stairs

Play in toddlers

• Engage in PARALLEL play (playing next to you but not with you)

• Toys: stacking blocks, sensory bins (water + sand)

→ CAN’T ride bikes yet

Safety for toddlers

Car seat

• determined by weight and height, NOT AGE

• go by car manufacturing

Pools

• educate parents on drowning

Preschool age range

3-6 years

Erikson’s stage (preschoolers)

Initiative vs. guilt

• When they are unable to complete task they become guilty

Preschoolers perception of themselves

• Very egocentric

• they have magical thinking (they believe they can wish things to happen)

Sleep for preschoolers

• nightmares = common

• 12 hours a day

Play in preschoolers

Associative play (not very organized)

→ activities: dolls or coloring

Health Screenings in preschoolers

• Snellen chart (with objects instead of letters)

• ensure kids use appropriate names for genitalia

A preschool-aged child got into the cookie jar and ate several cookies before dinner. When confronted by the parent, the child responds, “My pet horse ate them”. What does the nurse teach the parent about this response?

A. This vivid imagination will lead the child to misbehave later on

B. Lying is disobedient and should be punished consistently

C. It is normal for children to have imaginary friends at this age

D. The child is obviously afraid of the parent’s response

C. It is normal for children to have imaginary friends at this age

→ Children have “magical thinking”

School age year range

6-12 years

School age children

• like learning new skills

• decisions based on judgement

• biggest concern → SAFETY (helmets and kneepads)

• bullying starts @ this age

Adolescents

• rely on peers for friendship

• nutritional needs increase (high caloric and protein needs)

• avoid letting them skip meals

• they develop a false sense of security and invincibility

A parent is concerned that her 16 year old spends most of his time away from his friends and family in his room and doesn’t want to be involved in family activities he used to enjoy. What action by the nurse is best?

A. Ask the parent about the teen’s friends and activities

B. Refer the family to the community depression support group

C. Assess the teen for depression and possible suicide risk

D. Reassure the parent the teen is exerting independence

C. Assess the teen for depression and possible suicide risk