Unit 1 A&P

Is tattoo ink inside the body or outside the body?

Inside

How do gum, air, and a fetus differing from a tattoo?

The gum and air must be absorbed into the body, a fetus never enters the body and a tattoo is injected into the layers of skin

Is air inside the body or outside the body? 

Outside

Structure ______ function. 

is determined by

Physiology is the study of _______?

function

Golgi bodies are an example of a(n)

Organelle

Two or more tissues working together to preform a common task is known as?

Organ

Which of the following characteristics can be skipped and still have the structure be alive? 

None of the above, because all 8 characteristics are required to be classified as alive

Viruses are considered alive because they are made up cells.

False, they are made up of Nucleic Acids covered by proteins and or not a cell

Homeostasis is considered balanced when _______ is established. 

the set point

Homeostasis is ........

the maintaining of the internal environment within a range of normalcy

The Control Center stimulates...

an effector

Homeostasis is regulated at the level of...?

cellular level

The liver is classified as?

The study of the failure to maintain Homeostasis is called

Pathology

The interaction between Anatomy and Physiology occurs where?

The Cellular level

Which part of Homeostasis triggers a receptor? 

a stimulus

The goal of Negative Feedback is...

to reverse a change, causing a regaining of Homeostasis

The range in which Homeostasis is maintained is known as?

Dynamic Equilibrium

Fever is an example of negative feedback since it works to bring bacterial levels back to normal.

False, it is a positive feedback system where the fever increases as bacteria die and release more endotoxins

Which of the following are examples of positive feedback system? Select all that apply.

Blood clotting

Lactation

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback? 

Blood pressure

Blood-glucose levels

Body temperature

The process that involves an amplifying of a change leading to further loss of homeostasis. 

Positive Feedback

What portion of an atom determines reactivity of an atom?

Electrons

Valence electrons are located...

on the outer most shell

Which element is most abundant in the human body? 

O

Protons carry _______.

A positive charge

Atomic number equals the number of __________.

Protons 

Fluorine (F) has an atomic number of 9 and an atomic mass of 19.00. How many electrons does Fluorine have?

9

Magnesium (Mn) has 25 protons and an atomic mass of 54.94. What is the atomic number for Magnesium? 

25

How many electrons will the second energy shell hold?

8

Changing the number of neutrons creates an ion.

False, it creates an isotope. Changing the electron number creates an ion.

How many valence electrons does Aluminum (Al) have? (Hint: you will need to research atomic information for Al on a periodic table)

3

The number of electrons are equal to the number of _______ in a neutral atom?

Protons 

How many neutrons does Magnesium have? Remember it has 25 protons and atomic mass of 54.94. 

30

Electrons are able to gain and lose energy, changing energy shells throughout the cloud. 

True 

An ionic bond is described as _______________.

a bond created through a transfer of electrons between atoms, creating ions

What makes Argon, Neon, and Helium non-reactive? 

The outer shell of Valence electrons is full

Any atom that gains protons is defined as an anion.

False, it is a gaining of electrons not protons

What determines the number of electrons an atom will give up or accept? 

The number of valence electrons

When forming NaCl (Sodium Chloride), __________________. 

Chloride is an example of... 

An anion

Splitting up a molecule into its basic elements is an example of a __________________.

decomposition reaction

An atom has a +2 charge. Which of the following is true?

The atom is a cation and has given up 2 electrons, leaving 2 more protons than electrons

An electrolyte is a salt that is ionized. What does this mean?

Salt is forced to dissolve in water, creating sodium ions and chloride ions

Which is an example of a polar covalent molecule?

Water (H20)

The main difference between covalent and ionic bonding is?

Covalent bonding involves an equal sharing of electrons, ionic bonding is a "give and take" of electrons

A double covalent bond is characterized by sharing ______________.

two pairs of electrons

Carbon is versatile in the number of covalent bonds. Which combination of bonds is true? Select all that apply.

Up to four bonds

An atom such as Sulfur, can form what combination of covalent bonds? 

a double bone or 2 single bonds

Polar molecules involve an unequal sharing of electrons, creating a partial positive and partial negative end. 

True

Because water is polar covalent it can dissolve __________________. 

ionic molecules

Hydrogen bonds join ________________.

two polar covalent molecules together.

When an acid and a base combine what kind of reaction occurs?

Double replacement reaction

Carboxyl groups are found in what classification of biomolecules? 

Proteins and lipids

A pH of 6.2 is classified as a(n)

acid

Buffers use ______ to maintain pH levels. 

weak acid and a weak base

Which functional group is found in carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids? 

Hydroxyl group

A pH of 4 is how many times more acidic than a pH of 8?

10,000x

An acid is defined as...

a proton donor

Dehydration synthesis involves?

the removal of a water molecule

A monomer of carbohydrate is _________.

a monosaccharide

Which of the following is a pentose sugar?

Deoxyribose

Ribose

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide?

Glycogen

The bond formed during dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides is a(n)

glycosidic bond

Which atom forms the bond between 2 monomers of a carbohydrate?

Oxygen

The process used to link monomers to form more complex molecules is ________.

Dehydration synthesis

Which process involves breaking down complex carbohydrates by adding a molecule of water? 

Hydrolysis

Which of the following is an example of a hexose sugar? 

Glucose
Galacotose
Fructose

In carbohydrates, which 2 functional groups form the newly created bond? 

2 hydroxyl groups

In a simple sugar (monosaccharide), which of the following is true?

1C : 2H : 1O

Which of the following is an example of a disaccharide?

Sucrose

Glycosidic bonds are associated with which biomolecule? 

Carbohydrates

Which of the following makes up a nucleotide?

a pentose sugar
a nitrogen base

a Phosphate group

What property makes RNA less stable in water?

It has a hydroxyl group at the 2' carbon

Which of the following are classified as Pyrimidines? 

Thymine

Uracil

Adding a phosphate group onto a molecule using an enzyme is called?

Substrate-level phosphorylation

ATP contains....

1 adenine molecule, 3 phosphate groups

How many hydrogen bonds hold a Guanine and Cytosine nucleotide together?

3

On of the 2' carbon, if a hydroxyl group is present the sugar is deoxyribose. 

False, it is a ribose sugar

Releasing the 3rd phosphate group creates?

ADP

The highest amount of energy in ATP is released....?

from the release of the 3rd phosphate group

Adenine will form a bond with which of the following?

Thymine
Uracil

What functional group is used to link the 5' carbon of one nucleotide with the 3' carbon of an adjacent nucleotide?

Phosphate group

Guanine always bonds with Adenine.

False, it always bonds with cytosine

Enzymes are classified as _____________.

binding proteins

The essential 9 amino acids _________.

are hydrophobic
are only acquired through the diet
requires lipids in diet to be absorbed

Which of the following are functions of proteins?

Enzyme function

Immune function

Oxygen transport

Cellular communication

Which portion of an amino acid determines it's reactivity?

The "R" group

Acid and base amino acids are classified as hydrophilic.

True

What process is used to link Amino acids?

Dehydration synthesis

Collagen is an example of ____________.

fibrous proteins

What atoms form the peptide bond?

The Carbon of a carboxyl group, the Nitrogen of an amino group

Amino acids contain which functional group(s)

Amino group & Carboxyl group

What bond is formed when amino acids are linked? 

Peptide bond

Which of the following are examples of the essential 9?

Tryptophan

Methionine

Valine

Secondary proteins are arranged in...?

an alpha and beta helix

Increasing the temperature to extreme levels around an enzyme leads to...

protein denaturing

Hemoglobin is an example of ________?

a quarternary protein

Activation energy is the energy needed to initiate a reaction. 

True