what i think is gonna be on the neuro motor test

cogntivie linguistic processes

combo of thoughts feelings and emotions generate an intent to communicate

motor speech planning programming and control

selection sequencing and regulation of sensorimotor program that activates speech muscles at appropriate times duration and intensities

neuromuscluar execution

neural and neuromuscular transmission and subsequent muscle contractions and movements of speech structures

motor speech disorders

dysarthria and apraxia of speech

dysarthira

abnormality in the strength speech rnage steadiness tone or accuracy of movements required for speech production

dysarthria is a disorder of

movement

apraxia of speech

a speech disorder caused by a disturbance in motor planning or programming of movements for speech

damage to which arteries can lead to dysarthria

left or right carotid artery and in the left or right anterior and middle cerebral arteries

the 4 major functional divisions of the speech motor system

final common pathway, direct activation pathway, indirect activation pathway, control circuits

the final common pathway

lower motor neuron system, mechanism through which all motor activity is mediated, last link in chain of neural events that lead to movement

the final common pathway includes

paired cranial and spinal nerves that supply muscles involved in speech

upper motor neuron vs lower motor neuron

UMN is in the brain and when they decusate to the body they become lower motor neurons

upper motor neurons

motor fibers within the CNS, dmaage results in spasticity, contralateral innervation

lower motor neruons

motor fibers in the cranila and spinal nerves, damage results in paralysis, ipsilateral innervation

direct activation pathway

directly connected to FCP, pyramidal tract/direct motor system

the direct activation pathway is divided into the

corticobulbar tract and corticospinal tracts which form part of the upper motor neruon system

corticobulbar tract

made up of axons that descend down from the cortex and into the brainstem

corticospinal tract

made up of axons that descend down from the cortex and into the spinal cord

upper motor neuron system

contained entirely in CNS, doesn't include the basal ganglia or cerebellum, includes direct and indirect activation pathways

descending motor tracts

pyramidal system and extrapyramidal system

pyramidal system

direct, carries impusles that control voluntary fine motor movements, work at concious level

extrapyramidal system

indirect, carries impulses that cotnrol postural support needed for fine motor movement, work at more unconcious level, automatic in function

indirect activation pathway

extrampyramidal tract or indirect motor system

the speech motor pathway

control circuits - cerebellum, basal ganglia, thalamus

types of intervention

restoration, compensation, supplementation

the 5 speech subsystems

respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, prosody

respiration for speech

provides subglottic air pressure needed to set vocal folds into vibration

phonation for speech

production of voiced phoenmes through vocal fold vibration, complete adduction of vocal folds

resonance for speech

proper placement of the oral or nasal tonality onto phonemes during speech accomplished by raising and lowering the velum

oral resonance - velum raised and closed off nasal cavity

nasal resoannce - velum lowered and oral cavity blocked

articulation for speech

shaping of vocal air stream into phonemes

prosody for speech

melody of speech using stress and intonation to convey meaning

6 salient features of motor speech

muscle strength, speed of movement, range of motion, accuracy of movement, motor steadiness, muscle tone

muscle strength for speech

we require strength to perform speech tasks, decreased strength can affect the 5 components for speech

speed of movement for speech

accurate speech requires rapid muscle movements

range of movement for speech

range of movement of the articulators

accuracy of movement for speech

clear speech requires accurate movement of articulators with strength speed range direction and coordinated timing

motor steadiness for speech

normal speech requires the ability to hold an articulator still at some points

muscle tone for speech

muscle tone needs to be ready for quick movements