AUBF_Midterms_Lec: Renal Disorders (AI Generated) unofficial

Renal diseases are broadly classified into what three groups?

Glomerular disorders Tubular disorders Interstitial disorders

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

Filtration of blood and formation of urine

Which renal disorder primarily affects the glomeruli?

Glomerular disorder

Which renal disorder primarily affects renal tubules?

Tubular disorder

Which renal disorder affects the connective tissue between tubules?

Interstitial disorder

What is nephrotic syndrome characterized by?

Massive proteinuria hypoalbuminemia edema hyperlipidemia

What is the typical proteinuria level in nephrotic syndrome?

Greater than 3.5 g per day

What causes edema in nephrotic syndrome?

Loss of albumin leading to decreased plasma oncotic pressure

What lipid abnormality occurs in nephrotic syndrome?

Hyperlipidemia

What urinary finding is common in nephrotic syndrome?

Lipiduria

What are fatty casts also called?

Oval fat bodies

What is nephritic syndrome characterized by?

Hematuria mild to moderate proteinuria hypertension oliguria

What urinary finding is characteristic of nephritic syndrome?

RBC casts

What does hematuria indicate in nephritic syndrome?

Glomerular inflammation or damage

What is oliguria?

Decreased urine output

What is the most common cause of acute glomerulonephritis?

Post streptococcal infection

What bacteria commonly cause post streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus

What immune mechanism causes post streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Immune complex deposition in glomeruli

What is the typical onset time after streptococcal infection?

1 to 3 weeks

What laboratory finding indicates recent streptococcal infection?

Elevated antistreptolysin O titer

What is chronic glomerulonephritis?

Progressive destruction of glomeruli leading to renal failure

What is the result of prolonged glomerular damage?

Chronic kidney disease

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Minimal change disease

What structural change occurs in minimal change disease?

Effacement of podocyte foot processes

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Membranous nephropathy

What is focal segmental glomerulosclerosis?

Scarring of some glomeruli in segments

What is diabetic nephropathy?

Kidney damage caused by chronic hyperglycemia

What glomerular change occurs in diabetic nephropathy?

Thickening of basement membrane

What urinary finding is an early sign of diabetic nephropathy?

Microalbuminuria

What is microalbuminuria?

Small amounts of albumin in urine not detected by routine dipstick

What is IgA nephropathy also called?

Berger disease

What immunoglobulin deposits in IgA nephropathy?

IgA

What symptom commonly appears in IgA nephropathy?

Recurrent hematuria

What is rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?

Severe glomerular disease leading to rapid kidney failure

What structure forms in glomeruli in rapidly progressive GN?

Crescents

What is tubular disorder characterized by inability to concentrate urine?

Renal tubular dysfunction

What is Fanconi syndrome?

Generalized dysfunction of proximal tubules

What substances are lost in urine in Fanconi syndrome?

Glucose amino acids phosphate bicarbonate

What type of glucosuria occurs in Fanconi syndrome?

Renal glucosuria

What is renal glucosuria?

Glucose in urine despite normal blood glucose

What is renal tubular acidosis?

Failure of tubules to maintain acid base balance

What metabolic imbalance occurs in renal tubular acidosis?

Metabolic acidosis

What is interstitial nephritis?

Inflammation of the kidney interstitium

What is the most common cause of interstitial nephritis?

Drug hypersensitivity

What types of drugs commonly cause interstitial nephritis?

Antibiotics NSAIDs diuretics

What urinary finding may be seen in interstitial nephritis?

WBC casts

What symptom often accompanies interstitial nephritis?

Fever rash eosinophilia

What is acute kidney injury?

Sudden decline in kidney function

What lab finding indicates decreased kidney filtration?

Elevated creatinine

What substance is commonly measured to evaluate renal function?

Serum creatinine

What is BUN?

Blood urea nitrogen

What does an elevated BUN indicate?

Impaired renal function or decreased kidney filtration

What is the BUN to creatinine ratio used for?

Differentiating causes of kidney dysfunction

What is chronic kidney disease?

Progressive loss of kidney function over months or years

What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease?

Diabetes mellitus

What is the second most common cause of chronic kidney disease?

Hypertension

What is uremia?

Accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in blood

What symptoms occur in uremia?

Nausea vomiting fatigue confusion

What electrolyte imbalance is common in renal failure?

Hyperkalemia

Why does hyperkalemia occur in renal failure?

Reduced potassium excretion

What mineral imbalance occurs in chronic kidney disease?

Hypocalcemia

Why does hypocalcemia occur in CKD?

Decreased vitamin D activation

What hormone regulates red blood cell production in kidneys?

Erythropoietin

What complication results from decreased erythropoietin?

Anemia

What urinary finding indicates glomerular bleeding?

RBC casts

What urinary finding indicates tubular damage?

Renal tubular epithelial cells

What urinary finding indicates inflammation of kidney?

WBC casts

What is proteinuria?

Excess protein in urine

What is hematuria?

Presence of red blood cells in urine

What is cylindruria?

Presence of casts in urine

What is lipiduria?

Presence of lipids in urine

What is the normal daily protein excretion in urine?

Less than 150 mg per day

What indicates severe glomerular damage?

Massive proteinuria

What is the main diagnostic test for kidney diseases?

Urinalysis

What imaging test may be used to evaluate kidney structure?

Ultrasound

What definitive diagnostic procedure confirms renal pathology?

Kidney biopsy