05 - Plant Anatomy, Growth, and Reproduction

Photoautotrophs

Synthesize energy using chlorophyll within chloroplasts

Multicellular Eukaryotes

Complex cells with specialized functions

Cellulose Walls

Provides structural integrity and osmotic protection

Sessile Lifestyle

Must adapt to local resources and environmental stresses

Resource Organs

Specialized systems (roots/shoots) for water and gas acquisition

Bryophytes

Non-vascular; rely on diffusion (e.g., mosses)

Tracheophytes

Vascular plants containing xylem and phloem

Spermatophytes

 Seed-bearing plants (Gymnosperms/Angiosperms).

Dermal Tissue

Outer protective layer (epidermis) and waxy cuticle

Ground Tissue

The interior bulk; functions in photosynthesis, storage, and support

Vascular Tissue

Specialized tubes (Xylem/Phloem) for fluid transport

Palisade Mesophyll

Densely packed with chloroplasts for maximum light absorption

Spongy Mesophyll

Loose arrangement for gas diffusion (CO2 and O2)

Stomata

Pores regulated by guard cells to balance gas exchange and water loss

Xylem

Upward direction only; dead cells; water and minerals; physical support

Phloem

Two-way transport; living cells; sugars and amino acids; physiological support.