Exam 3 BCMB 230

which part of an ECG represents ventricular repolarization?

T wave

which node sets the heart beat?

SA node

the conducting system in the heart contains which type of cell junctions?

gap junctions

which layer of the heart contains muscle tissue?

myocardium

what is the name of the structure that prevents the blood from flowing backward during ventricular contraction?

chordae tendineae

in which type of blood vessel does gas exchange at the tissue level occur?

capillaries

which type of capillaries contain a complete basement membrane and holes in the endothelial layer?

fenestrated

which of the following is the rate at which blood moves through the vessel?

flow

(blank) is the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles per heartbeat?

stroke volume

what is another term for blood coagulation?

hemostasis

which blood cell type is involved in the immune system response?

leukocytes

which blood cell type aids in blood clotting?

thrombocytes

how many proteins are combined to create hemoglobin?

4

which hormone is secreted from the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production?

erythopoietin

the blood is primarily made up of?

plasma

the plasma is primarily made up of:

water

true or false? the diastole reading represents ventricular filling?

true

true or false? oxygenated blood flows through the pulmonary artery?

false

true or false? oxygenated blood flows through the renal artery?

true

true or false? arteries contain valves?

false

what is the term used to describe ventilation and gas exchange in the lungs?

external respiration

which type of alveolar cells make surfactant?

type 2 alveolar cells

which type of alveolar cells is most abundant?

type 1

which region of the respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?

respiratory zone

which of the following is not one of the functions of the conducting zone?

gas exchange

which of the following describes how much the lungs can expand?

compliance

which of the following describes the pressure within the lungs?

intrapulmonary pressure

which muscle is the most important for breathing?

diaphragm

which lung measurement describes the amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume?

inspiratory reserve volume

which pulmonary function test measures the oxyhemoglobin saturation?

pulse oximetry

which part of the immune system is responsible for learned immune responses?

adaptive

which system is involved in integrating the adaptive and innate responses?

complement system

high acidity in the stomach is a form of which type of barrier?

chemical

lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycan are examples of?

PAMPs

what is the name of the process by which chemicals attract other cells to the area?

chemotaxis

what is the name of the process by which certain white blood cells squeeze through the capillary walls and into infected tissues?

diapedesis

what is the name of the cellular projections used by phagocytes to engulf pathogens?

pseudopods

which white blood cells also perform housekeeping functions?

macrophages

which phagocytic cells are found in the liver?

kupfer cells

which of the following is a protein with antiviral properties?

interferons

which type of interferon stimulates phagocytosis?

gamma

which type of lymphocyte fights infection from far away by secreting antibodies?

B cells

which type of white blood cell matures into a macrophage?

monocyte

which type of white blood cell responds to infection first?

neutrophils

which is the most common form of immunoglobulin in the body?

IgG

which cell type destrosy body cells that harbor foreign antigens?

killer cytotoxic T cells

what is the name of a protein that a cell releases, but the protein binds to the cell itself to control its function?

autocrine regulator

how long after infection does it take for antibodies to be present in the blood?

5-10 days

vaccines utilize which part of the immune system?

adaptive immunity

what is the name of the protein excreted by the atrium in response to high blood pressure?

atrial natriuretic peptide

which part of the nephron involves the most reabsorption of water?

proximal convoluted tubule

which part of the nephron involves the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids?

proximal convoluted tubule

which part of the nephron does antidiuretic hormone act on?

collecting dust

which part of the urinary system carries blood from the kidney to the bladder?

ureter

which type of muscles does the bladder contain?

detrusor muscles

which type of nephron makes more concentrated urine?

juxtamedullary

what is the name of the muscular layer of the heart?

myocardium

when deoxygenated blood enters the heart, which chamber does it enter?

right atrium

what is the name of the structure also called the “heart strings”?

chordae tendinae

what is the term that describes the volume of the blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute?

cardiac output

heart rate x stroke volume = ?

cardiac output

which part of the blood pressure measurement represents ventricular contraction?

systolic

which node serves as the heart’s pacemaker?

sinoatrial node

true or false: all arteries carry oxygenated blood?

false

which type of capillaries have an incomplete basement membrane?

sinusoid

what is the name of the hormone made in the kidney, that tells the bone marrow to make more red blood cells?

erythropoietin

true or false: ventilation and gas exchange are the same thing?

false

true or false: external respiration is ventilation and gas exchange in the lungs?

false

what is apnea?

the cessation of breathing

gas exchange occurs in which type of alveoli?

alveoli type 1

what is the role of type 2 alveoli?

make surfactant

is innate immunity specific or non specific?

non specific

where are the microglia found?

nervous system

what is the name of the process by which phagocytes leave the bloodstream and enter infected tissues?

diapedesis

which part of the body is responsible for starting a fever?

hypothalamus

what is the name of the antiviral proteins made by virus-infected cells?

interferons

which of the following is a primary lymphoid organ?

thymus

which cell type engages in cell mediated immunity?

T cells

which cells make antibodies and participate in antibody mediated immunity?

B cells

which cell type attacks infected host cells?

killer T cells (aka cytotoxic T cells)

which type of immunoglobulin are antibodies?

IgG

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

nephron

what is the name of the muscles found within the bladder?

detrusor muscles

which type of nephron is better at making more concentrated urine?

juxtamedullary nephron

which part of the nephron is responsible for re-absorbing water?

loop of Henle

which type of junctions form between adjacent cells of the nephron?

tight junctions